Bignoniaceae

Bibliography

  1. W. T. Berger et al., “Targeting Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) Anandamide Transporters – A Novel Strategy for Development of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Drugs,” PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 12, p. e50968, Dec. 2012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050968.
    Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), in particular FABP5 and FABP7, have recently been identified by us as intracellular transporters for the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Furthermore, animal studies by others have shown that elevated levels of endocannabinoids resulted in beneficial pharmacological effects on stress, pain and inflammation and also ameliorate the effects of drug withdrawal. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that FABP5 and FABP7 would provide excellent pharmacological targets. Thus, we performed a virtual screening of over one million compounds using DOCK and employed a novel footprint similarity scoring function to identify lead compounds with binding profiles similar to oleic acid, a natural FABP substrate. Forty-eight compounds were purchased based on their footprint similarity scores (FPS) and assayed for biological activity against purified human FABP5 employing a fluorescent displacement-binding assay. Four compounds were found to exhibit approximately 50% inhibition or greater at 10 µM, as good as or better inhibitors of FABP5 than BMS309403, a commercially available inhibitor. The most potent inhibitor, γ-truxillic acid 1-naphthyl ester (ChemDiv 8009-2334), was determined to have Ki value of 1.19±0.01 µM. Accordingly a novel α-truxillic acid 1-naphthyl mono-ester (SB-FI-26) was synthesized and assayed for its inhibitory activity against FABP5, wherein SB-FI-26 exhibited strong binding (Ki 0.93±0.08 µM). Additionally, we found SB-FI-26 to act as a potent anti-nociceptive agent with mild anti-inflammatory activity in mice, which strongly supports our hypothesis that the inhibition of FABPs and subsequent elevation of anandamide is a promising new approach to drug discovery. Truxillic acids and their derivatives were also shown by others to have anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects in mice and to be the active component of Chinese a herbal medicine (Incarvillea sinensis) used to treat rheumatism and pain in humans. Our results provide a likely mechanism by which these compounds exert their effects.
  2. S. Chen, J. Gong, K. Guan, and Z. Zhou, “Biodiversity Conservation of the Genus Incarvillea Juss. (Bignoniaceae) Based on Molecular Diversity and Species Richness Assessment,” Journal of Plant Biology, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 387–394, Dec. 2010. doi: 10.1007/s12374-010-9127-6.
    Incarvillea is a genus with considerable ornamental and medicinal value, yet many of its 16 species are threatened in the wild and two (Incarvillea forrestii and Incarvillea altissima) may be extinct. An extensive field survey of the Chinese species has shown that logging is the greatest threat to woodland margin species, while overgrazing by cattle endangers species from alpine meadows. To aid the setting of conservation priorities, we used phylogenetic weighting of species, based on the molecular phylogeny of both nuclear (nrITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F region) gene regions. We estimated molecular diversity with measures for genetic diversity (GD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). PD/GD values highlighted the importance of Incarvillea sinensis and two Central Asian species, Incarvillea semiretschenskia and Incarvillea olgae from Kazakstan and Kirghizia, for which little is known. This combination of phylogenetic and complementarity analyses focused on the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai, with Yunnan having the only adequately protected areas for that genus.
  3. S. Chen, K. Guan, Z. Zhou, R. Olmstead, and Q. Cronk, “Molecular Phylogeny of Incarvillea (Bignoniaceae) Based on ITS and \[Bu100\]TRN\[cmL-Fsequences,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 625–633, 2005. doi: 10.3732/ajb.92.4.625.
    Incarvillea is a herbaceous and temperate member of Bignoniaceae, previously divided into four subgenera, Niedzwedzkia, Amphicome, Incarvillea, and Pteroscleris. Niedzwedzkia and Amphicome have in the past been treated as independent genera. Different relationships have been proposed for the four subgenera. Here, maximum parsimony analysis using ITS and trnL-F sequences resulted in similar trees and showed that the genus is monophyletic. Analysis of the combined data resulted in a single tree with five major clades highly supported and well resolved. The relationships of the five major clades are (subgenus Niedzwedzkia (Incarvillea olgae (subgenus Amphicome (subgenus Incarvillea, subgenus Pteroscleris)))). All four subgenera are well supported for monophyly, with the exception of subgenus Incarvillea, represented here by I. sinensis and I. olgae. Incarvillea olgae is not closely related to I. sinensis, a conclusion supported by morphology. The two basal monotypic subgenera are found in Central Asia. The most species-rich subgenus, Pteroscleris, has 10 species in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains and may have dispersed early from central Asia to eastern Asia. Short branch lengths on the molecular trees within Pteroscleris suggest a recent and rapid radiation of this rosette-forming subgenus, perhaps connected with the uplift of the Himalaya-Hengduan massif.
  4. S. Chen, Y. Xing, T. Su, Z. Zhou, E. D. L. Dilcher, and D. E. Soltis, “Phylogeographic Analysis Reveals Significant Spatial Genetic Structure of Incarvillea Sinensisas a Product of Mountain Building,” BMC Plant Biology, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 58, Apr. 2012. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-58.
    Incarvillea sinensis is widely distributed from Southwest China to Northeast China and in the Russian Far East. The distribution of this species was thought to be influenced by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Quaternary glaciation. To reveal the imprints of geological events on the spatial genetic structure of Incarvillea sinensis, we examined two cpDNA segments ( trnH- psbA and trnS- trnfM) in 705 individuals from 47 localities.
  5. Y.-M. Chi et al., “Pharmacological Study on the Novel Antinociceptive Agent, a Novel Monoterpene Alkaloid from Incarvillea Sinensis,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1989–1991, 2005. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.1989.
    To determine the antinociceptive mechanism of incarvillateine (INCA), the opiate antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) and naltrindole (NTI) were pretreated prior to its injection in a formalin test. The antinociceptive effect of INCA was antagonized by nor-BNI (κ-receptor antagonist) and β-FNA (μ-receptor antagonist), while NTI (δ-receptor antagonist) did not influence its effect. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect of INCA was blocked by theophylline (THEO), an adenosine-receptor antagonist. These results suggested that the antinociceptive effect arose from the activation of μ-, κ-receptors and adenosine-receptor.
  6. Y.-M. Chi et al., “Quantitative Determination of Incarvillateine in Incarvillea Sinensis by Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1472–1474, 2005. doi: 10.1248/cpb.53.1472.
    Method for rapid quantitative analysis of incarvillateine in Incarvillea sinensis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. The sample preparation involves solid phase extraction (SPE) with a mixed-mode reversed-phase and cation-exchange cartridge. The linear calibration range for incarvillateine was 0.002—0.5 mg/ml. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/ml (S/N=3). Intra- and interday precisions were less than 0.36% (n=6) and 1.61% (n=18), respectively. The recovery of incarvillateine was 97.61—102.44% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 0.63 to 1.93% (n=3). This method was proposed as a simple, rapid and accurate method for quantitative determination of incarvillateine content in various samples of Incarvillea sinensis collected from different areas of China.
  7. Y. Chi, X. Zhao, T. Yoshizawa, W. Yan, and T. Nohara, “Study on the extraction of alkaloids from Incarvillea sinensi,” Natural Product Research and Development, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 475–477, Jan. 2005.
    In order to optimize the permeation extracting process of Incarvillea sinensis by orthogonal design, the optimum permeation conditions were investigated by orthogonal design and inearvillateine was used as the eontent index. The results suggested that the faetors irflueneing the extraction efficiency were as follows: the amount of dilute hydroehloride> the concentration of hydroehloride > the speed of permeation. The optimum extraction condition obtained was 0.2% HC1,25 folds of the materials weight, and the permeating speed is 7 mL/min. The optimized process is efficient.
  8. H. Dui-dui, “Introduction and Cultivation and Garden Application of Excellent Wild Flowers Delphinium Randiflorum and Incarvillea Sinensis,” undefined, 2010. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Introduction-and-Cultivation-and-Garden-Application-Dui-dui/c63d80e0abfdc9c3e035e32580cdc8473c03d884.
    The authors chose suitable for cultivation of wild flowers in Shijiazhuang by studying the Delphinium randiflorum and Incarvillea sinensis,bred from excellent strain for applications in gardens to increase the city's natural beauty and create natural and harmonious landscape. We chose suitable for cultivation of wild flowers in Shijiazhuang by studying the Delphinium randiflorum and Incarvillea sinensis,and they were be manually saved,bred from excellent strain for applications in gardens,which has been widely used to landscaping,increase the city's natural beauty,to create natural and harmonious landscape.
  9. J.-J. Fu et al., “Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Incarvillea,” Chemistry & Biodiversity, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 818–826, 2009. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.200800166.
  10. Y.-P. Gao, “Chemical constituents from Incarvillea sinensis var. przewalskii,” Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, pp. 712–716, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.05.003.
  11. J. Guo et al., “Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Incarvillea Compacta Maxim from the Tibetan Plateau,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 9, p. 1692, Jan. 2019. doi: 10.3390/molecules24091692.
    Incarvillea compacta Maxim is a traditional Tibetan plant widely used to treat rheumatic pain and bruises. We conducted qualitative analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative analyses of the total phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids content of different extracts of I. compacta Maxim. Antioxidant and analgesic activity were analyzed. The results showed that the methanol extract had the highest content of the various ingredients. A total of 25 constituents were identified, of which compounds 1–23 were found for the first time in this plant. The water extract had the highest capacity to clear free radicals in the antioxidant test. The water extract had dose-dependent analgesic effects in the first and second phase in a formalin test. The latency of pain from a hot-plate test was augmented by the water extract when the dose was greater than or equal to 30 g/kg. The water extract significantly decreased the amount of writhing in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. These results showed that I. compacta Maxim is a new antioxidant and analgesic agent, and this study provides information on its ingredients for further study.
  12. Z. Hu, W. Li, and G.-Q. Guo, “High Efficiency In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Cotyledon Explants of Incarvillea Sinensis,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 662–665, Sep. 2005. doi: 10.1079/IVP2005682.
    A simple and effective procedure has been developed for plantlet regeneration from cotyledon-derived callus of the medicinally important herb and ornamental species, Incarvillea sinensis. An average of 18.4 adventitious shoots per explant were obtained from 100% cotyledon explants cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine for 3 wk, followed by another 4 wk on hormone-free 1/2×MS medium. The cotyledon explants continued to expand and regenerate new shoots upon repeated subculturing onto fresh medium. Most regenerated shoots (66.9%) were rooted on 1/4×MS mediumcontaining 1.0 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid, with an average of about 3.8 roots per shoot. Regenerated plants with well developed shoots and roots were successfully acclimatized in soil and were normal phenotypically.
  13. D. JiaXiao, M. Lu, S. HaiQin, and B. Ying, “Effects of nectar robbing on pollinator behavior and pollination success in facultative selfing Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis.,” Biodiversity Science, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 658–664, 2015. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20153385235.
    Some plants benefit from self-fertilization for reproductive assurance, and thus might experience little effect of nectar robbing on fruit production. In facultative selfing plants which involve both outcrossing by pollinators and selfing when pollinators are scare or not available, nectar robbing is expected to have no influence on fruit set, but may affect pollinator-mediated fruit set. In...
  14. L. Jin, “Flowering Dynamics and Breeding System of Incarvillea Sinensis Var. Przewalskii.” 2011. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Flowering-Dynamics-and-Breeding-System-of-sinensis-Jin/0783ff9d04beba050abc19be01d93e6dedbae854.
    The breeding system of Incarvillea sinensis var.przewalskii was determined to be out-crossing, partially self-compatible and entomoplily plays a larger role in the process of pollination. Flowering and breeding characteristics are important for understanding the plant population reproduction characteristics.In this paper,the flowering dynamics were observed in the fields and the breeding system of Incarvillea sinensis var.przewalskii was studied by using the data of pollen/ovule ratio(P/O),pistil recipient phase,out-crossing index(OCI),pollen viability and bagging experiments.The results showed that the flowering period of I.sinensis var.przewalskii population lasted about three months(from June to September).The life span of individual flower was generally 2-3 d.During the flowering course,the stamen matured before pistil and there was obvious herkogamy.The flowering course for one flower of this species can be divided into four periods based on the flower morphology and anther dehiscence: initial dehiscence,full dehiscence,terminal dehiscence,withering period.The pollen/ovule ratio of I.sinensis var.przewalskii is about 331.3,and its out-crossing index is 5.Combining with the result of emasculation,bagging and artificial pollination,the breeding system of this species was determined to be out-crossing,partially self-compatible and entomoplily plays a larger role in the process of pollination.According to bagging experiments and field observations,it can be inferred that the species is insect pollination.
  15. R. K. Kalia, S. Chhajer, and R. Pathak, “Cross Genera Transferability of Microsatellite Markers from Other Members of Family Bignoniaceae to Tecomella Undulata (Sm.) Seem,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 42, no. 9, p. 151, Sep. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s11738-020-03138-5.
    Transferability of SSR markers from related species/genera is a rapid and cost-effective method to enhance genomic database of genetically neglected crops. Monotypic genus Tecomella undulata, a pharmacologically important endangered timber tree, found in hyper arid regions is one such genetic resource limited species, wherein neither SSR identification nor cross transferability studies have been initiated. Transferability of 69 cross-genera SSR primers selected from other members of family bignoniaceae (Incarvillea sinensis, I. mairei, Jacaranda copaia, Tabebuia aurea and Arrabidaea chica) showed 40.58% (28 primers) transferability amplifying 1–10 amplicons ranging in the size from 80to 600 bp in 24 accessions of T. undulata. Per cent marker transferability varied from 66.67% (A. chica) to 38.89% (J. copaia) among the genera tested while no transferable markers could be identified from I. sinensis. Transferability of simple di-/tri-nucleotide repeat (34.2–37.5%) and complex nucleotide sequence (60.0%) based SSR motifs were higher as compared to penta-/hexa-nucleotide based repeat motifs. Within the 28 transferable markers, 26 (92.86%) were polymorphic while 2 (7.14%) were monomorphic. Average number of alleles per primer was 5.39 while average polymorphic alleles per locus were 5.11. The PIC values of SSR markers ranged from 0.23 to 0.85 with an average of 0.59. Efficiency of the identified cross species SSR markers was tested for diversity analysis using a set of 24 trees (8 each of yellow, orange and red flower colour morphotypes). The 24 samples clustered into six groups with similarity coefficient ranging from 0.29 to 0.67, while six accessions formed distinct out groups. Distribution of accessions in the SSR dendrogram showed no correlation with flower colour. More diversity (99%) was observed within populations compared to that existing between populations (1%). The present study can enrich the genomic background of T. undulata by identifying suitable polymorphic markers from confamiliar species that can be applied for genetic diversity studies, mapping of QTLs and cultivar identification as well.
  16. H. Li, L. Yan, Y. Bao, and C. Duan, “Chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis of five wild ornamental plants in drid area,” Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 183–187, Jan. 2005.
    The chromosome numbers of 5 species were counted by root tip squash method, and karyotypes of 3 species of them were analyzed. The results showed that the 5 species are diploid. The karyotype formulas of 3 species are as follows respectively: Dracocephalum hererophyllum Bent.: 2n=12=10m+2sm; Incarvillea sinensis Lam. 2n=22=18m+4sm; Androsace septentrionalis L.: 2n=18=16m+2sm;;It is found that they are of raw type. The experiment provides scientific reference for the research of relationship between the species, the foundation of gene bank and the protection of wild ornamental plants in arid aria.
  17. M. Nakamura, K. Kido, J. Kinjo, and T. Nohara, “Antinociceptive Substances from Incarvillea Delavayi,” Phytochemistry, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 253–256, Jan. 2000. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00536-1.
    Antinociceptive activities of an Incarvillea delavayi extract, as well as its constituents, 8-epideoxyloganic acid and delavayine A, were evaluated in the acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. An oral administration of the delavayi extract weakly decreased the number of writhings and stretchings in this test, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, orally administered 8-epideoxyloganic acid showed weak antinociceptive activity, whereas administration by subcutaneous injection did not. However, subcutaneous injection of delavayine A, a novel monoterpene alkaloid, showed a more significant level of antinociceptive activity.
  18. M. Nakamura et al., “Structure-Antinociceptive Activity Studies of Incarvillateine, a Monoterpene Alkaloid from Incarvillea Sinensis,” Planta Medica, vol. 67, no. 02, pp. 114–117, 2001. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-11512.
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  19. R. Qu et al., “Wind-Dragged Corolla Enhances Self-Pollination: A New Mechanism of Delayed Self-Pollination,” Annals of Botany, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 1155–1164, Nov. 2007. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm209.
    Background and Aims Delayed self-pollination is a mechanism that allows animal-pollinated plants to outcross while ensuring seed production in the absence of pollinators. This study aims to explore a new mechanism of delayed self-pollination facilitated by wind-driven corolla abscission in Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis. Methods Floral morphology and development, and the process of delayed self-pollination were surveyed. Experiments dealing with pollinator and wind exclusion, pollination manipulations, and pollinator observations were conducted in the field. Key Results Delayed self-pollination occurs when the abscising corolla driven by wind drags the adherent epipetalous stamens, thus leading to contact of anthers with stigma in late anthesis. There is no dichogamy and self-incompatibility in this species. The significantly higher proportion of abscised corolla under natural conditions as compared with that in wind-excluding tents indicates the importance of wind in corolla abscission. When pollinators were excluded, corolla abscission significantly increased the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma and, as a result, the fruit and seed set. Only half of the flowers in plots were visited by pollinators, and the fruit set of emasculated flowers was significantly lower than that of untreated flowers in open pollination. This species has a sensitive stigma, and its two open stigmatic lobes closed soon after being touched by a pollinator, but always reopened if no or only little pollen was deposited. Conclusions This delayed self-pollination, which involved the movement of floral parts, the active participation of the wind and sensitive stigma, is quite different from that reported previously. This mechanism provides reproductive assurance for this species. The sensitive stigma contributes to ensuring seed production and reducing the interference of selfing with outcrossing. The pollination pattern, which combines actions by bees with indirect participation by wind, is also a new addition to ambophily.
  20. S. K. Rana, D. Luo, H. K. Rana, A. R. O’Neill, and H. Sun, “Geoclimatic Factors Influence the Population Genetic Connectivity of Incarvillea Arguta (Bignoniaceae) in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains Biodiversity Hotspot,” Journal of Systematics and Evolution, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 151–168, 2021. doi: 10.1111/jse.12521.
    Geoclimatic factors related to the uplift of the Himalaya and the Quaternary climatic oscillations influence the population genetic connectivity in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) biodiversity hotspot. Therefore, to explore the relative roles played by these two factors, we examined the population dynamics and dispersal corridors of Incarvillea arguta (Royle) Royle incorporating ensemble species distribution modelling (SDM). Thirty-seven populations were genotyped using plastid chloroplast DNA and low copy nuclear gene (ncpGS) sequences. Phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the genetic structure and lineage differentiation. Ensemble SDMs were carried out for distributional change in the last glacial maximum, present, and future. Finally, the least cost path method was used to trace out possible dispersal corridors. The haplotypes were divided into four clades with strong geographical structure. The late Miocene origin of I. arguta in the western Himalaya ca. 7.92 Ma indicates lineage diversification related to the uplift of the HHM. The variability in habitat connectivity revealed by SDM is due to change in suitability since the Pleistocene. A putative dispersal corridor was detected along the drainage systems and river valleys, with strong support in the eastern Hengduan Mountains group. Our results support the signature of geoclimatic influence on population genetic connectivity of I. arguta in the HHM. We proposed that the major drainage systems might have assisted the rapid dispersal of isolated riverine plant species I. arguta in the HHM. The population genetic connectivity, using the fine-tuned ensemble SDMs, enables scientists and policymakers to develop conservation strategies for the species gene pool in the HHM biodiversity hotspots.
  21. S. K. Rana, D. Luo, H. K. Rana, S. Chen, and H. Sun, “Molecular Phylogeny, Biogeography and Character Evolution of the Montane Genus Incarvillea Juss. (Bignoniaceae),” Plant Diversity, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1–14, Feb. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.09.002.
    The complex orogeny of the Himalaya and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) fosters habitat fragmentation that drives morphological differentiation of mountain plant species. Consequently, determining phylogenetic relationships between plant subgenera using morphological characters is unreliable. Therefore, we used both molecular phylogeny and historical biogeographic analysis to infer the ancestral states of several vegetative and reproductive characters of the montane genus Incarvillea. We determined the taxonomic position of the genus Incarvillea within its family and inferred the biogeographical origin of taxa through Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses using three molecular data sets (trnL-trnF sequences, nr ITS sequences, and a data set of combined sequences) derived from 81% of the total species of the genus Incarvillea. Within the genus-level phylogenetic framework, we examined the character evolution of 10 key morphological characters, and inferred the ancestral area and biogeographical history of the genus. Our analyses revealed that the genus Incarvillea is monophyletic and originated in Central Asia during mid-Oligocene ca. 29.42 Ma. The earliest diverging lineages were subsequently split into the Western Himalaya and Sino-Himalaya during the early Miocene ca. 21.12 Ma. These lineages resulted in five re-circumscribed subgenera (Amphicome, Olgaea, Niedzwedzkia, Incarvillea, and Pteroscleris). Moreover, character mapping revealed the ancestral character states of the genus Incarvillea (e.g., suffruticose habit, cylindrical capsule shape, subligneous capsule texture, absence of capsule wing, and loculicidal capsule dehiscence) that are retained at the earliest diverging ancestral nodes across the genus. Our phylogenetic tree of the genus Incarvillea differs from previously proposed phylogenies, thereby recommending the placement of the subgenus Niedzwedzkia close to the subgenus Incarvillea and maintaining two main divergent lineages.
  22. M.-L. Wang et al., “Antinociceptive Effects of Incarvillateine, a Monoterpene Alkaloid from Incarvillea Sinensis and Possible Involvement of the Adenosine System,” Scientific Reports, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 16107, Nov. 2015. doi: 10.1038/srep16107.
    Incarvillea sinensis is a Bignoniaceae plant used to treat rheumatism and relieve pain in traditional Chinese medicine. As a major component of I. sinensis, incarvillateine has shown analgesic activity in mice formalin tests. Using a series of animal models, this study further evaluated the effects of incarvillateine against acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Incarvillateine (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuated acetic acid-induced writhing, but did not affect thermal threshold in the hot plate test. In a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant model, incarvillateine inhibited both thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema and increased interleukin-1β levels. Additionally, incarvillateine attenuated mechanical allodynia induced by spared nerve injury or paclitaxel, whereas normal mechanical sensation was not affected. Incarvillateine did not affect locomotor activity and time on the rotarod at analgesic doses and no tolerance was observed after 7 consecutive daily doses. Moreover, incarvillateine-induced antinociception was attenuated by theophylline, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine and 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine, but not naloxone, indicating that the effects of incarvillateine on chronic pain were related to the adenosine system, but not opioid system. These results indicate that incarvillateine is a novel analgesic compound that is effective against inflammatory and neuropathic pain and that its effects are associated with activation of the adenosine system.
  23. D. Wei-xian, “Analysis of the Volatile Constitutents from Incarrillea Sinensis Lam. by SPME-GC-MS,” undefined, 2008. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Analysis-of-the-volatile-constitutents-from-Lam.-by-Wei-xian/f2ce590e6ce7e5dfbd4982f5ac7b74da7894ec64.
    OBJECTIVE To analyze the chemical components of essential oil from Incarvillea sinensis Lam..METHODS Using SPME-GC-MS method.RESULTS and CONCLUSION 83 components were separated and 69 components was identified by GC-MS.The content of the components was determined by normalization method,which was 97.42% of the total essential constituents.The main chemical components are Calarene(14.91%),β-caryophyllene(11.05%) and α-curcumene(5.99%).
  24. X. Wu, H. Li, and S. Chen, “Characterization of the Chloroplast Genome and Its Inference on the Phylogenetic Position of Incarvillea Sinensis Lam. (Bignoniaceae),” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 263–264, Jan. 2021. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1860722.
    Incarvillea sinensis Lam. is the type of the genus Incarvillea Juss., and it is widely distributed, relative to other members of the genus. In this paper, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the chloroplast genome of Incarvillea sinensis. The complete chloroplast genome is 162,088 bps in size, with overall GC content of 39.4%. We annotated 113 unique genes in the plastome sequence, including 79 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genome sequences resulted in a different resolution on the relationships among subgenera from the former.
  25. L. Xin-bo, “A Studies of the Seed Biology and Cultural Technique of Incarvillea Sinensis as a New Analgesia Medicine Resource,” undefined, 2007. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-studies-of-the-seed-biology-and-cultural-of-as-a-Xin-bo/e9fae6a93c3b23c5326de16d4c020a46d67d275b.
    The wild Incarvillea sinensis is rare, and the cultural technology is simple, which is advantageous to the development of the plant on a large scale. Objective the technical study of domestication, cultivation, and produc-tion of Incarvillea sinensis. Methods clarifying the ecological habit and resources condition of Incarvillea sinensis by means of the field investigation and collection; the biological study of the seed; the field cultivated experiment. Results The wild Incarvillea sinensis occur normally in dry steppe region. The soil is mainly sandy loam. The plant likes total exposure and dry climate, and propagates by seeds. The seed has no dormant feature. The weight of a thousand seeds is about 0.4-0.5g. The cotyledons of seedling are epigeous. The basal leaves are opposite and stem leaves are alternative. The seeds are sowed shallowly in the soil with wet sand. The water management should be tightened. The other managements are the same with that of two year plant. The plants cultivated in normal soil with fertilizer are growing well. Conclusion The wild Incarvillea sinensis is rare. The cultural technology is simple, which is advantageous to the development of Incarvillea sinensis on a large scale.
  26. Z. Xu, “Study on Diversity of Vegetation Species of Chaigou Watershed in Wuqi County,” undefined, 2007. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Study-on-Diversity-of-Vegetation-Species-of-Chaigou-Xu/b32095e907f7ed3ba2239e0a091f45bf32eff73b.
    All the degrees of abundance, diversity and equitability of species of community on the north slopes of the watershed are higher, that of the south slopes lower and the abundance degree of the mixed forest region is the maximum and the degree of equitability minimum. In order to understand the basic process of natural rehabilitation of vegetation and variations of diversity of species of Wuqi County,it studies the plant community that had been banned for years in Chaigou Watershed of the county.The outcomes show that the plants of the watershed mainly are Artemisia scoparia、Lespedeza davurica、Leymus secalinus、Tripolium vulgare,the succession rule of vegetation on the south slopes is Artemisia scoparia+Setaria viridis+Corispermum stauntonii→Leymus secalinus+Artemisia scoparia(Lespedeza davurica、Tripolium vulgare、Cleistogenes squarrosa)→Lespedeza davurica+Leymus secalinus(Thymus mongolicus、Artemisia frigida、Incarvillea sinensis、Tripolium vulgare)and the succession rule of vegetation on the north slopes is Artemisia scoparia(Lespedeza davurica、Leymus secalinus) →Tripolium vulgare(Artemisia frigida).All the degrees of abundance,diversity and equitability of species of community on the north slopes of the watershed are higher,that of the south slopes lower and the abundance degree of the mixed forest region is the maximum and the degree of equitability minimum.
  27. B. Yan, “In Vitro Culture and Rapid Propagation of Incarvillea Sinensis Lam.,” undefined, 2010. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-vitro-Culture-and-Rapid-Propagation-of-sinensis-Yan/2dcbc417adf99ced8a6e2f208d1542eb3eb2f2be.
    Semantic Scholar extracted view of "In vitro Culture and Rapid Propagation of Incarvillea sinensis Lam." by B. Yan
  28. G. Yin, S. C. H. Barrett, Y.-B. Luo, and W.-N. Bai, “Seasonal Variation in the Mating System of a Selfing Annual with Large Floral Displays,” Annals of Botany, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 391–400, Mar. 2016. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcv186.
    Background and Aims Flowering plants display considerable variation in mating system, specifically the relative frequency of cross- and self-fertilization. The majority of estimates of outcrossing rate do not account for temporal variation, particularly during the flowering season. Here, we investigated seasonal variation in mating and fertility in Incarvillea sinensis (Bignoniaceae), an annual with showy, insect-pollinated, ‘one-day’ flowers capable of delayed selfing. We examined the influence of several biotic and abiotic environmental factors on day-to-day variation in fruit set, seed set and patterns of mating., Methods We recorded daily flower number and pollinator abundance in nine 3\,× 3-m patches in a population at Mu Us Sand land, Inner Mongolia, China. From marked flowers we collected data on daily fruit and seed set and estimated outcrossing rate and biparental inbreeding using six microsatellite loci and 172 open-pollinated families throughout the flowering period., Key Results Flower density increased significantly over most of the 50-d flowering season, but was associated with a decline in levels of pollinator service by bees, particularly on windy days. Fruit and seed set declined over time, especially during the latter third of the flowering period. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rate were obtained using two methods (the programs MLTR and BORICE) and both indicated high selfing rates of ∼80 %. There was evidence for a significant increase in levels of selfing as the flowering season progressed and pollinator visitation declined. Biparental inbreeding also declined significantly as the flowering season progressed., Conclusions Temporal variation in outcrossing rates may be a common feature of the mating biology of annual, insect-pollinated plants of harsh environments but our study is the first to examine seasonal mating-system dynamics in this context. Despite having large flowers and showy floral displays, I. sinensis attracted relatively few pollinators. Delayed selfing by corolla dragging largely explains the occurrence of mixed mating in I. sinensis, and this mode of self-fertilization probably functions to promote reproductive assurance when pollinator service is limited by windy environmental conditions and competition from co-occurring flowering plants.
  29. H.-Y. Yu, Jing-Gao, Y.-B. Luo, and W.-N. Bai, “Development of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Incarvillea Sinensis (Bignoniaceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. e224–e225, 2011. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100052.
    • Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis (Bignoniaceae), an annual herb endemic to Inner Mongolia, to study the degree to which delayed self-fertilization is favored. • Methods and Results: Eight polymorphic primer sets were isolated and characterized in two Inner Mongolia populations of I. sinensis var. sinensis with a relatively simple and fast subcloning method. Numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0 to 0.261 and from 0 to 0.778, respectively. • Conclusions: These markers will be useful for future studies of self-fertilization adaptability in I. sinensis var. sinensis.
  30. C. Yu-ming and Z. Xi-ying, “Purification of Total Alkaloids from Incarvillea Sinensis with Ion-Exchange Resin,” undefined, 2005. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Purification-of-Total-Alkaloids-from-Incarvillea-Yu-ming-Xi-ying/767ae9b3e0390a3946b824e6c1e61b7a8880d297.
    Incarvillea sinensis,a traditional Chinese medicinal herb,is used to treat rheumatism and to relieve pain.The main constituents are alkaloids,and one of the monoterpene alkaloids,incarvillateine,possesses more potent antinociceptive activity than morphine in the formalin test.The purpose of this study was to establish a simple method for purifying the total alkaloids from Incarvillea sinensis with ion-exchange resin.Three cationic ion-exchange resins(DOWEX 50WX2,50WX4 and 50WX8) were evaluated for their capacities and the best one was DOWEX 50WX2.The solutions of ethanol with ammonium hydroxide could effectively elute the absorbed alkaloids.The contents of total alkaloids of the extracts obtained using 60%,70% and 80% ethanol with 2.0 N ammonium hydroxide as elution solutions were 67.47%,74.01% and 82.94%,and the corresponding contents of incarvillateine were 18.29%,19.97% and 23.11%,respectively.