A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter

Tags:

• germination
• review
• phytochemistry
• cultivation

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/23/2022, 9:33:29 PM)

  "The blue apart, and two-to-three feet apart in the rows. om seeds, but it takes three to four years to flower." (p. 313)

  "own from seeds, but it takes three to during summer. Finely sieved clean loam soil without any organic matter or fertilizer is used. Seeds should be sown thinly, covered lightly with soil and then plunged into shallow water, no deeper than 2.5 cm, and placed in a sunny position. Germination should take three-to-four weeks." (p. 313)

  "When the first two or three floating leaves appear the seedling should be picked out and planted into individual containers and immersed back in the water." (p. 313)

Attachments

• PubMed Central Link
• Raja et al_2010_A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata.pdf

Characterization of Cadmium Uptake by the Water Lily Nymphaea aurora

Tags:

• cadmium
• hydroponics
• industrial sludge
• Nymphaea (waterlily)
• phytoremediation
• urban sludge.

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/24/2022, 12:06:11 AM)

  "For the hydroponic protocols, each explant (tissue that has been taken from a plant and placed in a culture medium) containing regeneration buds was planted in an individual pot (5 cm diameter, 7 cm height) containing gravel medium and tap water." (p. 172)

  "Three weeks post planting, each pot was placed in a larger white pot (20-cm-diameter base, 22-cm-diameter apex, 20 cm height), containing tapwater (pH ~6.7)." (p. 172)

  "Control plants were grown in tap water (pH 6.7) without supplements." (p. 172)

  "Industrial sludge from Kibbutz Givat-Brener containing approximately 400 to 450 mg/kg Cd and urban sludge from Haifa Bay containing ~100 mg/kg Cd were used in the sludge experiments. Heavy clay soil from Kibbutz Hazorea was employed in the control experiments. The clay soil represented the natural growth medium of the Nymphaea prior to transplanting into the experimental media." (p. 172)

  "Plants were potted in 50 L containers with the selective media and sampled at intervals of 28, 68, and 91 days (Figure 4) or after 5 weeks (Figure 5)." (p. 172)

  "Necrotic spots were observed on the laminae of treated plants and their development was obviously retarded when compared with the control plants." (p. 173)

Attachments

• Schor-Fumbarov et al_2003_Characterization of Cadmium Uptake by the Water Lily Nymphaea aurora.pdf
• Snapshot

Comparative phytochemical analysis of four Mexican Nymphaea species

Tags:

• Nymphaeaceae
• 5-glycosyl isoflavones
• Taxonomic character

Notes:

• Contents

  • Introduction
  • Results and discussion
  • Experimental
    • General experimental procedures
    • Plant material
    • Extraction and isolation
    • 7,3 prime ,4 prime ,Trihydroxy-5-O- beta -d-(2 Prime -acetyl) xylopyranosylisoflavone (1)
    • Acid hydrolysis of compound 1
    • 7,3 prime ,4 prime -Trihydroxy-5-O- alpha -l-rhamnopyranosylisoflavone (2)
  • Acknowledgements
  • References

Attachments

• Marquina et al_2005_Comparative phytochemical analysis of four Mexican Nymphaea species.pdf

  Contents

  • Introduction
  • Results and discussion
  • Experimental
    • General experimental procedures
    • Plant material
    • Extraction and isolation
    • 7,3 prime ,4 prime ,Trihydroxy-5-O- beta -d-(2 Prime -acetyl) xylopyranosylisoflavone (1)
    • Acid hydrolysis of compound 1
    • 7,3 prime ,4 prime -Trihydroxy-5-O- alpha -l-rhamnopyranosylisoflavone (2)
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• ScienceDirect Snapshot

Effect of Pot Size on Plant Growth and Multiplication of Water Lilies (Nymphaea sp)

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/18/2022, 11:24:33 PM)

  "The performance of these varieties was evaluated under the climatic conditions of Kuwait. Among these varieties, two promising varieties namely N. rosea andN. sunrise were selected to determine the effect of pot size on water-plant growth and multiplication." (p. 149)

  "Pots of three different sizes i.e., 29 h x 30 w x 29 d cm (circular), 50 h x 45 w x 22 d cm (rectangular) and 22 h x 22 w x 13 d cm (baskets) were filled with a growing medium of sand: sphagnum peat moss in 2:1 (v/v) and the containers were thoroughly soaked for compacting." (p. 149)

  "Once the plants were established, aquatic fertilizer tablets were inserted in the growing medium about two inches from the rhizome." (p. 149)

  "Flowers fade after about three to five days; and leaves last for a few weeks and then fade away." (p. 149)

  "For optimum growth of water plants, the pond water should have a neutral or slightly alkaline pH (in the range of 7 to 8)." (p. 149)

  "In order to maintain an optimum pH in the pond, care was taken to cover only 50-70% of the water surface with the plants." (p. 149)

  "Routine removal of sludge and decaying organic matter was carried out to maintain optimum pH." (p. 149)

  "The top portion of the containers was filled with one inch of sand to prevent the top soil from discoloring the pond water." (p. 149)

  "Rectangular pots of size 50 h x 45 w x 22 d cm were found to be the best for the growth and multiplication of N. rosea and N. sunrise. This could be due to the increased plant-leaf area, shoot biomass and root biomass in rectangular pots compared to circular pots and baskets." (p. 152)

  "When the container size was reduced, the rooting volume decreased leading to a reduction in plant growth." (p. 152)

  "Plant growth was stunted even for the best performing plants, due to the small pot size [9]." (p. 152)

Attachments

• Al-Menaie et al_2012_Effect of Pot Size on Plant Growth and Multiplication of Water Lilies (Nymphaea.pdf

Expression and Functional Analyses of Nymphaea caerulea MADS-Box Genes Contribute to Clarify the Complex Flower Patterning of Water Lilies

Tags:

• genetic
• description

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/19/2022, 1:16:39 AM)

  "The hermaphroditic flower of N. caerulea arises above the water surface one day before anthesis thanks to the growth of the petiole. Like most of water lily flowers, this flower is protogynous with a diurnal opening." (p. 2022)

  "The first day of anthesis stamens are in a vertical position (Figure 1A), facilitating the access of pollinators" (p. 2022)

  "to the exposed pistil, which is surrounded by a stigmatic fluid that attracts insects (Schneider and Chaney, 1981); during the first day of anthesis, the flower is thus prepared to receive pollen from other flowers. From the day after, the flower keeps the stamens in an oblique position, concealing almost completely the stigma (Figure 1B). Therefore, pollinators must go across stamens to reach the nectar, covering themselves with the pollen produced by the mature male organs. This mechanism promotes crossfertilization. N. caerulea floral organs are shown in Figure 1." (p. 2023)

Attachments

• Moschin et al_2021_Expression and Functional Analyses of Nymphaea caerulea MADS-Box Genes.pdf

  Contents

  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
    • Nymphaea caerulea Material, RNA Extraction, Quantification, and Cleaning
    • Pollen Viability Assay
    • Transcripts Isolation and Identification
    • Amplification by RT-PCR of NycAP3 Isoforms
    • Gene Expression Analysis by RT-qPCR
    • Phylogenetic Analysis
    • Yeast Two-Hybrid Assays
    • Constructs and Arabidopsis Plant Transformation
    • Fixation, Clearing, and Phloroglucinol Staining of Arabidopsis Fruits
    • Quantification of NycAGs Expression in Arabidopsis Transformed Lines by RT-qPCR
  • Results
    • The Flower Structures of Nymphaea caerulea
    • MADS-Box Genes Isolated in Nymphaea caerulea Developing Flowers
    • Analysis of MADS-Box Gene Expression in the Flower Organs of N. caerulea
    • Analysis of MADS-Domain Protein–Protein Interactions by Yeast Two-Hybrid Assays
    • Functional Analysis of NycAG1 and NycAG2 by Complementation Experiments With Arabidopsis ag and shp1 shp2 Mutants
  • Discussion
    • The Array of MADS-Box Genes in the Flower of Nymphaea caerulea
    • The AGAMOUS Subfamily in Nymphaea caerulea
    • Protein–Protein Specific Interactions Between MADS-Box of Nymphaea caerulea
  • Conclusion
  • Data Availability Statement
  • Author Contributions
  • Funding
  • Acknowledgments
  • Supplementary Material
  • References

Factors Affecting Germination of Seeds of Fragrant Waterlily (Nymphaea odorata)

Tags:

• germination

Notes:

• After the seeds had become free of their surrounding arils they were stored in fresh water on a laboratory bench at room temperature with alternating 12 hour periods of light and darkness.

  All germination experiments were conducted in 35 ml glass vials measuring approximately 2.5 cm in diameter and 10.5 cm in height.

  Seeds were counted and placed in these vials with either 20 or 25 ml tap water, depending on the experiment.

  In initial experiments, seeds collected in 1978 failed to germinate when small numbers were placed in petri dishes. Extra seeds which were left in a crowded condition in a glass dish on a laboratory bench, did germinate, however, at a rate of approximately 50%.

  Experiment 6... Seeds were stored in the dark at 4.4C for the indicated time.

  Experiment 7. In this experiment, fragrant waterlily seeds were air-dried for 0, 1, 3, 10, 24, 58, and 96 hours.

  In three seasons of experimental work not a single fragrant waterlily seed germinated when the number of seeds per vial was 20 or less.

  Germination did not increase with time, indicating that there is no after-ripening requirement. Approximately 60% of the seeds rotted after a year's storage in water at room temperature.

  Germination increased significantly with increasing concentrations of seeds, starting at 60 seeds/vial and reaching a maximum at 100 seeds/vial. Densities greater than 100 seeds/vial (5 seeds/ml) had no further effect on germination.

  Transfer of water from a container of actively germinating seeds to a container of uncrowded seeds which were not germinating initiated germination in the uncrowded seeds.

  All gas treatments of crowded seeds resulted in significant decreases in germination compared to untreated controls.

  Treatment with ethephon stimulated germination in all cases when: the ethephon concentration was 1.0 ppm or more in the uncrowded seeds and 0.01 ppm or more in the crowded seeds.

  Few germination percentages exceeded 20% in [experiment 4], which is lower than those which occurred in the other experiments. It is possible that the tight vial closure, necessary in this experiment to keep the ethylene gas from escaping, resulted in the buildup of toxic respiratory products or products  antagonistic to the function of ethylene.

  Seeds kept in the dark exhibited only 2% germination, even when crowded, while seeds kept in the light exhibited nearly 30% germination.

  Early experiments indicated that fragrant waterlily seeds do not respond to stratification periods of 9 weeks or less.

  Stratification for 7 and 9 months enhanced germination percentages to nearly 100% in the crowded containers.

  A drying time of only 3 hours resulted in significant inhibition of germination and the percentage declined rapidly up to drying times of 24 hours.

  Four days of freezing resulted in germination of only 4.9%, and one week of freezing prevented germination entirely.

  Mechanical rupture of seed coats failed to induce germination in fragrant waterlily.

Attachments

• Else_Riemer_1984_Factors Affecting Germination of Seeds of Fragrant Waterlily (Nymphaea odorata).pdf

  Contents

Flavonoids from blue flowers of Nymphaèa caerulea

Tags:

• phytochemistry
• Flavonol 3-rhamnosides
• Kaempferol 3-(2″-acetylrhamnoside)
• Myricetin 3-(2″-acetylrhamnoside)
• Nymphaèaceae
• Quercetin 3-(2″-acetylrhamnoside)
• Quercetin 3-(3″-acetylrhamnoside)
• Water lily

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/6/2022, 5:55:31 PM)

  “It is interesting to note that all the isolated Øavonols, 1±7, from the blue Øowers of N. caerulea have a rhamnosyl moiety in the aglycone 3-position, while all the Øavonols which were isolated from the red petals of N. marliacea were Øavonol 3'-xylosides (Fossen et al., 1998a).” (Fossen et al., 1999, p. 1136)

  “In contrast to this, red Øowers of this latter species have anthocyanins with galactosyl moieties in the 3-position (Fossen et al., 1998b), while the blue Øowers of N. caerulea contain analogous anthocyanins with galactosyl moieties in the 3 '-position.” (Fossen et al., 1999, p. 1136)

  “Flowers (500 g) of the African water lily N. caerulea (=N. capensis ) were collected in September 1997 from Wamiko water pond, west of Kampala, Uganda.” (Fossen et al., 1999, p. 1136)

Attachments

• Fossen et al_1999_Flavonoids from blue flowers of Nymphaea caerulea.pdf
• ScienceDirect Snapshot

Germination and early growth of Nymphaea odorata at different water depths

Tags:

• germination
• Seedling growth
• Seed germination
• Nymphaeaceae
• Freshwater aquatic plant
• Juvenile growth
• LOES
• Low oxygen escape syndrome
• Submergence-escape
• Water depth

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/18/2022, 11:24:06 PM)

  "In both sets of experiments we germinated seeds in 25 ml glass vials placed at 30, 60 and 90 cm water depths in the mesocosms. Vials had no added soil, so seeds germinated and grew for a month in water. Vials were covered with plastic screening to retain the seeds but allow water and gas exchange." (p. 13)

  "The mesocosms were 3410 L (900 gal) round polypropylene cattle tanks that were 1 m deep × 2.1 m wide. Plants were grown in native peat in 25 cm diameter × 19 cm high pots on shelves suspended at 30 and 60 cm depths with an additional shelf on the" (p. 13)

  "bottom at 90 cm depth." (p. 13)

  "In order to examine the effects of water on germination and the earliest stages of seedling growth, we assayed germination in glass vials suspended at different depths in the mesocosms." (p. 13)

  "The MG seed germination trials were conducted from September through December 2010, as seeds became available. Seeds were collected within a day of fruit dehiscence and were exposed to sunlight for at least 5 h while floating in water-filled containers. After exposure, 10 seeds were placed in each vial, and five vials were placed at each water level in a mesocosm." (p. 13)

  "rea 3B (25e placed in beakers set in water in the mesocosm area; one fruit dehisced on June 9 2011, and the seeds were exposed to sunlight for a day, then were placed in glass vials suspended individually at 30, 60 and 90 cm water levels in two mesocosms (n = 7 vials per water level per mesocosm); vials at different water depths were interspersed." (p. 13)

  "In 2009 seeds were planted in 12 cm × 8 cm plastic inserts filled with commercial potting soil; each insert had six 4 cm × 4 cm subdivisions. Four seeds were planted per subdivision, resulting in 24 seeds per insert. We placed seeds from a single fruit in three inserts, and each insert was placed at one of three water depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) in a mesocosm." (p. 14)

  "To further document this phenomenon, in June 2010 we planted germinated seedlings at 30, 60 and 90 cm water depths in three mesocosms and monitored production of floating leaves over the next three months." (p. 14)

  "During the FG germination experiment from June 9 to July 11 2011, air temperature on the FIU campus averaged 27.6 ± 2.4 ◦ C (range = 21.9-35.8 ◦ C), while day length varied from 13 h 38 m to 13 h 45 m. The pH of the tanks averaged 7.08 ± 0.41, conductivity was 225.5 ± 12.4, and total dissolved solids were 448 ± 25." (p. 15)

  "photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 30 cm was 42.6 ± 2.4% of surface irradiance; PAR at 60 cm was 27.6 ± 1.9%; and PAR at 90 cm was 19.4 ± 1.7%." (p. 15)

  "In the simplified model seedling number did not differ significantly among water depths but did differ significantly among maternal genotypes: removing water depth did not produce a significantly different model (2 = 0.84, df = 2, Pr > 2 = 0.6570), but removing genotype did (2 = 36.88, df = 5, Pr > 2 < 0.0001)." (p. 15)

  "Percent germination from the June 2011 FG seeds was very high, ranging from 99% to 100% (30 cm = 99 ± 4%, 60 cm = 99 ± 3%, 90 cm = 100%) with no significant differences between tanks (Pr > 2 = 0.3561, GLM) or among water levels (Pr > 2 = 0.8030, GLM) and no significant interactions (Pr > 2 = 0.8106, GLM)." (p. 15)

  "Percent germination for the MG seeds in September through December 2010 was more variable, ranging from 57% to 91% averages in individual trials (30 cm = 68 ± 4%; 60 cm = 81 ± 3%; 90 cm = 77 ± 4%). There were significant differences among trials (Pr > 2 < 0.0001, GLM), among water levels (Pr > 2 = 0.0015, GLM) and significant interactions (Pr > 2 < 0.0001, GLM)." (p. 15)

  "The significant differences in germination among water levels were between 30 cm water and the other two water levels, with germination at 30 cm being less in four of the five trials." (p. 15)

  "After a month, FG seedlings had matured 2 leaves (median; range = 0-4). Forty-four percent of FG seedlings at 30 cm water depth had deltoid laminae, compared to 31% at 60 cm and 12% at 90 cm." (p. 15)

  "In the 2009 experiment after about 3 months of submerged growth, juvenile plants at all water levels had 3 (range = 0-7)" (p. 16)

  "mature leaves present, but leaf morphology differed among plants at different water levels (Table 1B)." (p. 16)

  "Submerged juvenile plants began to produce floating laminae after about 3 months of growth." (p. 17)

  "The difference in germination percentages in our experiments when seeds were exposed to sunlight vs. when they were not suggests that sunlight greatly promotes germination." (p. 18)

Attachments

• Richards_Cao_2012_Germination and early growth of Nymphaea odorata at different water depths.pdf

  Contents

  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Materials and methods
    • 2.1 Pollination and seed collection
    • 2.2 Germination and early seedling growth
    • 2.3 Submerged seedling and juvenile plant growth
    • 2.4 Transition from submerged to floating-leaved aquatic
    • 2.5 Statistical analyses
  • 3 Results
    • 3.1 Tank environment
    • 3.2 Seed germination and seedling mortality
    • 3.3 Seedling and juvenile morphology and biomass
      • 3.3.1 Seedling plants
      • 3.3.2 Juvenile plants
    • 3.4 Transition to floating-leaved plants
  • 4 Discussion
    • 4.1 Seed germination and seedling growth
    • 4.2 Seedling and juvenile morphology and growth
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• ScienceDirect Snapshot

In Vitro culture of Nymphaea nouchali seeds; a conservation approach for a vulnerable species

Tags:

• in vitro
• germination

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (12/24/2021, 6:33:32 PM)

  "of Sri Lanka (Dassanayake, 1996;s Guruge et al., 2016). itats due to anthropogenic activities, drying of waterbodies and the competition posed by the viviparous Nymphaea × erangae for habitats, resulting in whipping off some populations completely (Yakandawala & Yakandawala, 2011; Yakandawala et al., 2017)." (p. 2)

  "Evidence for natural hybridization among Nymphaea species has been reported elsewhere in the world, where different karyotypes ranging from 2n = 28 to 84 has been observed, generating uncertainty in species identification (Raja et al., 2010; Nierbauer et al., 2014)." (p. 2)

  "leaf explants of Nymphaea at different maturity stages. ng somatic embryogenesis in the leaf explants of N. nouchali were not successful in demonstrating the recalcitrance of this non-viviparous species." (p. 2)

  "Mature pods of N. nouchali were collected from the plant populations existing in natural habitats of marshy lands in Sri Lanka, after careful observation for the unique morphological characters in the petals, stamens, stigmatic heads, and leaf lamina of the species, as described by Yakandawala & Yakandawala (2011) and Guruge et al. (2017)." (p. 2)

  "awala & Yakandawala (2011) and Guruge et al. (2017). e soaked for three days to facilitate sedimentation of seeds by fermenting the outer pulp. After removing the debris, the seeds were isolated and washed thoroughly with soap water, followed by tap water for 30 min." (p. 2)

  "Murashige and Skoog medium (1962), supplemented with 20.0 g/L sucrose and 100.0 mg/L Myo-Inositol (w/v), was used as the basal culture medium unless otherwise mentioned. The pH was adjusted to 5.8. Solidified media with agar (6.0 g/L; w/v) were used unless otherwise mentioned." (p. 2)

  "15 Pa for 15 min (HVP 50, Hirayama, Saitama, Japan). ture medium were used for inoculating the seeds." (p. 2)

  "L ofe culture medium were used for inoculating the seeds. t 28 °C in light supplied with" (p. 2)

  "Seeds treated with 70% ethanol for 1 min were subjected to ten sterilisation protocols with five Clorox™ concentrations; 10, 30, 50, 70 or 100 % (v/v), each with two exposure times, 10- or 20-min." (p. 3)

  "After disinfecting with 70 % ethanol for 1 min and 10 % Clorox™ for 10 min, seeds were treated with five concentrations of H2SO4, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % (v/v) for five exposure times 15, 30, 60, 90, 180 s." (p. 3)

  "Sixty microliters of Tween were used as the surfactant in the Clorox™ solution. After treating with each disinfectant, the seeds were washed thoroughly with distilled water three times by agitating each for 2 min." (p. 3)

  "ere treated with 25, 50 and 75 % (v/v) H2SO4 for 1 min. 2, 4-D and 2 mg/L BAP solidified with 6.0 g/L agar, the same medium in liquid form and the Albert's solution (2.22 g/L), were tested for seed germination." (p. 3)

  "Results indicated that 70 % ethanol and Clorox™ at any concentration is not sufficient for disinfection of seeds, leaving some bacteria in the hidden habitats of the seed surface." (p. 4)

  "ed and subsequently contaminated the cultured seeds. e germination frequency is higher in contaminated seeds than non-contaminated ones." (p. 4)

  "The bacteria available on the surface of contaminated seeds may act on degradation of the hard seed coat to remove the physical dormancy, thus triggering their germination." (p. 4)

  "f N. alba, with hardy seed coat by cutting it mechanically. tained from non-contaminated seeds may be due to the removal of dormancy through the scarification occurred in the seed preparation process." (p. 5)

  "Sulphuric acid was effective in establishing the contamination free cultures." (p. 5)

  "minated seedlings (χ = 125.03; p < 0.0001) (Figure 2a). omplete disinfection was observed in seeds treated with 50-100 % acid. The concentrations of 10 and 25 % acid, reduced the contamination rate over the control of untreated." (p. 5)

  "The greatest germination (6.3 %) was observed in the seeds treated with 75 % acid that gave 100 % disinfection." (p. 5)

  "nated and non-contaminated seedlings were observed. ctive in complete disinfection of the seeds, none of them germinated indicating the loss of seed viability in the concentrated acid." (p. 5)

  "aminated seedlings (χ = 10.89; p < 0.0279)t (Figure 2b). ation rate and the greatest frequency of the noncontaminated seedlings among the germinated were observed in the seeds treated for 60 and 180 seconds. Based on this observation, acid treatment for 60 seconds duration was selected as the optimum." (p. 5)

  "the occurrence of interaction (χ = 608.41; p < 0.0001). 5 %) was obtained by culturing the seeds treated with 75 % H2SO4 onto the solidified MS medium (Figure 3)." (p. 6)

  "The plants derived from the acid treated seeds showed a normal growth containing a well-grown shoot and the roots (Figure 4a, c) indicating that acid scarification had no adverse effect." (p. 6)

  "in the scarified seeds caused for better germination. medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP, was effective in giving rise to well-grown complete seedlings, containing both shoots and roots with a higher germination rate (≈ 66 %)." (p. 6)

  "heavy contamination in the cultured seeds in vitro.e safe harbouring of bacteria during sterilisation process causing heavy bacterial contamination after culture initiation." (p. 6)

  "ations (10 % and 25 %) were not as effective as such. e Nymphaea species; N. alba (Sumlu et al., 2010; Latowski et al., 2014) and N. lotus var. thermalis (Blidar et al., 2019), which have no trichomes on the seed coats." (p. 6)

  "ermination of seeds by removing physicaln dormancy. ded the seed coat (Figure 4k) to the same degree of different acid treatments, allowing seed germination." (p. 7)

  "Although the study showed that seed culturing is a promising technique for in vitro propagation of N. nouchali, unawareness of the level of genetic purity of the seedling populations is a barrier for implementing the technique for conservation of true-to-type species." (p. 7)

  "enotypes into two major clusters (A and B; Figure 5b). elatedness within the plant populations." (p. 7)

  "The study revealed that a stable level of genetic uniformity existed within and among the three N. nouchali populations, suggesting the non-occurrence of gene contamination in these locations by undesirable alien alleles introduced by outcrossing." (p. 8)

  "undesirable alien alleles introduced by outcrossing. of these populations also suggests that the heterogeneity expected of the in vitro seedlings from these populations to be low, hence showing the possibility of using the technique for mass propagation from seeds collected from the isolated habitats." (p. 8)

Attachments

• Perera et al_2021_In Vitro culture of Nymphaea nouchali seeds; a conservation approach for a.pdf
• Snapshot

Influence of ethanol and ethylene on the seed germination of three nymphaeid water plants

Tags:

• germination

Notes:

• Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds released more ethanol in the anaerobic incubation (up to 6-7 mM ethanol per g DW) than in the aerobic incubation (1-1.5 mM ethanol per g DW).

  No ethylene production by Nymphaea, Nuphar and Nymphoides seeds could be detected after 20 days of incubation.

  Ethylene stimulated the germination of Nymphaea, Nuphar and Nymphoides seeds. However, the total numbers of germinated seeds of Nymphar and in particular Nymphaea were low compared with those in the ethanol experiment.

   

• Extracted Annotations (12/17/2021, 3:11:15 PM)

  "The seeds of Nymphaea and Nuphar germinated in both aerobic and anaerobic water. After 15 days of anaerobic incubation 60-70% of the seeds had germinated, as opposed to approximately 10-20% in the aerobic incubation (results not shown)." (p. 41)

  "Without a cold treatment only one or two Nymphaea, Nuphar and Nymphoides seeds germinated in the ethanol solution or in twice distilled water over a period of 60 days." (p. 42)

  "After a cold treatment of 4 weeks ethanol stimulated the germination of Nymphaea seeds" (p. 42)

  "Regardless of ethanol release, ethanol by itself (i.e. externally applied ethanol under aerobic conditions) appears to stimulate the germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds." (p. 43)

  "The effect of externally applied ethanol (this study) does not match germination under anaerobic conditions (see also Smits et al, 1990b) and this is probably because externally added ethanol can only partly simulate the effect of endogenously produced ethanol." (p. 43)

  "It is suggested that ethanol production by Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds under anaerobic conditions and the germinationstimulating effect of ethanol together act as a selfaccelerating germination process." (p. 43)

  "Either no ethylene production occurred or the concentration of ethylene in the gas space of the incubation flasks was too low for detection." (p. 43)

  "It appears that the observed germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds in moist air is retarded." (p. 44)

  "In this sense ethanol, as a characteristic compound of anaerobic metabolism that stimulates the germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds, could be designated as a niche-specific compound for these species, indicating the presence of organic, anaerobic soils." (p. 44)

  "Anal ogous to this function of ethanol, ethylene could act as a niche-identifying compound for Nymphoides. The presence of ethylene can be expected in and just above sediments which are only periodically submersed and in which hypoxic conditions prevail, a prerequisite for ethylene production. This environment is most likely to be found in shallow water zones in combination with fluctuating water levels, the habitat where Nymphoides occurs frequently. The ethylene which is produced by micro-orgarusms in the sediment (or possibly released by the seeds themselves) stimulates the germination of Nymphoides." (p. 44)

  "The germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar is also stimulated by ethylene, but exposed conditions appear to hamper germination" (p. 44)

  "of these seeds, so that the overall effect is a low germination rate." (p. 45)

  "In contrast to Nymphoides the seedlings of Nymphaea and Nuphar desiccate readily after emergence." (p. 45)

  "It was suggested above that ethanol and ethylene affect germination in such a way that they could act as niche-identifying substances. However, their action is just part of a chain of events which eventually lead to stimulation or postponement of germination." (p. 45)

  "Anaerobic conditions, the presence of ethanol and darkness are associated with the deeper parts of a water body. The germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds is stimulated by anaerobic conditions and ethanol." (p. 45)

  "In the littoral zone, aerobic or hypoxic conditions prevail in the sediment, which contains less organic material and is subjected to fluctuating water levels. Under aerobic conditions, low germination rates of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds have been recorded, while the germination rate of Nymphoides seeds is high. Moreover, in contrast to Nymphoides seeds the germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar seeds under conditions where ethylene can be produced is low." (p. 45)

  "The seeds of all three plant species are able to germinate under dark conditions. The germination of seeds of all species, in particular Nymphoides, is stimulated by light." (p. 45)

  "From these data it can be deduced that the germination of Nymphaea and Nuphar is stimulated by factors associated with soft, organic sediments, in which dark and anaerobic conditions prevail." (p. 45)

Attachments

• Smits et al_1995_Influence of ethanol and ethylene on the seed germination of three nymphaeid.pdf
• Snapshot

MADS-box genes expressed during flower development and fruit maturation in Nymphaea caerulea

Tags:

• genetic

Notes:

• Annotations
  (5/13/2022, 5:44:23 PM)

  “Proceeding from the exterior towards the centre of the flower we find: the four outermost tepals that enclose the bud and have a greenish abaxial surface and a whitish adaxial one (Figure 3.2 A: “1”). All the other tepals have both surfaces with a cerulean appearance and look therefore like vexillary elements proper (Figure 3.2 A: “2” and “3”). They exhibit a gradual centripetal reduction in size to the point of stamens attachment, thus they have been further separated in outer and inner ones (“2” and “3” respectively).” (Moschin, 2018, p. 17)

  “While the outermost tepals (with a sepal-like aspect) are always four, the same cannot be said for the other tepals: observations made on twenty-four flowers showed a variability between twelve and twenty units, while the most frequent values are between sixteen and nineteen units.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 17)

  “Similarly to tepals, also stamens are spirally arranged, showing a gradual transition from: the outer lager stamens characterized by a cerulean tip (the more distal portion of the element, marked with “4” in Figure 3.2 B), to the innermost stamens (“6”), smaller and without any distal cerulean portion. Thanks to the partial ornamental appearance, the outermost stamens can be further named “petaloid stamens”.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 17)

  “At the centre of the flower a syncarpous pluricarpellary gynoecium can be observed. It is arranged radially around a central core of receptacular tissue (Moseley, 1961). (Figure 3.2 B: “8”). The semiinferous syncarpic ovary clearly shows a number of fused carpels (Figure 3.2 B: “7”) equal to the number of petals.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 17)

  “Observing more in detail the petaloid stamens, it has been possible to see that below the cerulean tip there is an anther with four pollen sacs (Figure 3.3 A), which is comparable to the anther of the innermost stamens (Figure 3.3 B).” (Moschin, 2018, p. 19)

  “After fertilization, the flower closes for the last time and thanks to a curvature of the peduncle it sinks into the muddy ground where it matures for about three weeks.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 19)

  “The pluricarpellate ovary is transformed into a fleshy capsule that develops underwater for about 23-25 days from anthesis (the duration of the process depends also on climatic conditions).” (Moschin, 2018, p. 19)

  “The seeds of N. caerulea are almost completely enclosed by an aril that develops from the funiculus, in an area at the bottom of the developing seeds.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 19)

  “Based on the analysis of 25 different fruits, it has been noted that seeds and arils follow a quite constant maturation pattern, independently from the size of the capsule. In the very first stage of development (i.e. at 4-5 days post anthesis, thus immediately after fertilization) seeds are tiny, soft and orange (Figure 3.4 A). At about 10 days post anthesis (10 DPA) they rapidly increase their size and exhibit a bright red colour. At this stage also the arils start to develop (Figure 3.4 C), from the bottom of the seeds. Then, the growing seeds change colour becoming bordeaux, and the partial arils start to envelop them (Figure 3.4 D). Once the arils have completed their growth enveloping almost completely the seeds, the latter appear more or less brownish (Figure 3.4 E/F).” (Moschin, 2018, p. 20)

  “The aril represents a common character of the family Nymphaeaceae (with the exception of the genera Barclaya and Nuphar) (Bonilla-Barbosa et al., 2000). It consists of a translucent fleshy and tiny envelope that extends its growth from the funiculus enclosing almost completely the mature seed (Figure 3.5). This interesting structure has a great evolutionary importance: with its particular shape, it traps air around the seeds, allowing them to float once the fruit opens (Figure 3.6). Through that, seeds have some time to be transported away by water movements (hydrochory), thus to be dispersed.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 20)

  “Moreover, arils are mucilaginous and also rich in starch (Figure 3.7), therefore the floatin” (Moschin, 2018, p. 20)

  “14 arillate seeds may be eaten by birds and dispersed through endozoochory. Hence it clearly appears that it is the aril the structure actually involved in the dispersal of seeds.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 21)

  “Nymphaea caerulea has a pluricarpellate ovary that develops underwater into a fleshy capsule after the flower is fertilized. The fruit is dehiscent, when it reaches full maturity it opens at the water surface releasing the mature seeds which are almost completely enveloped by a thin translucent aril that allows them to float (chapter 3). Both the maturation process and the fruit opening are finely regulated.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 90)

  “The microscopical analyses led us to hypothesize that the fruit opening occurs thanks to specific and finely localized cell separation events like those that occur in the abscission zones of petioles and pedicels at the level of aerial organs of terrestrial plants.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 90)

  “Observing several maturing fruits, it has been possible to understand that the entire developing process until the fruit opening lasts about 23-25 days from the anthesis. Thus, different fruits that were about to open have been collected, transported to the laboratory and put inside a little basin full of water so that their opening could be filmed and photographed.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 90)

  “These morphological observations suggest that the fruit opening occurs through a series of cell separation events comparable to those that occur during the processes of organ abscission in terrestrial plants. These internal detachments, together with the pressure made by the seed arils, cause a rapid structural failure of the pericarp walls.” (Moschin, 2018, p. 93)

  “My doctorate work revealed the presence of cell wall degrading enzymes in the zones that undergo to a more or less massive process of cell separation during fruit maturation (Figure 7.5). Such zones correspond to the points where the various carpels join, at the level of the top portion of the fruit, or where carpels are anchored to the fruit backbone, at the level of the central core and at the level of the bottom portion (Figure 7.4).” (Moschin, 2018, p. 100)

Attachments

• Moschin_2018_MADS-box genes expressed during flower development and fruit maturation in.pdf
• Snapshot

Multivariate analysis of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) taxa in Manipur (India) through morphological variables

Notes:

• Annotations
  (5/28/2022, 3:54:58 PM)

  “Nymphaea flowers show a variety of colours, and few genera of plants offer such variety in size and colour of flowers, as is found among the water lilies (Conard 1905).” (Devi et al., 2016, p. 360)

  “A survey was carried out during 2010–2012, in the home ponds, paddy fields and wetland habitats in the Manipur state of North East India (Fig. 1).” (Devi et al., 2016, p. 360)

  “Altogether nine Nymphaea taxa were collected: seven known taxa, namely Nymphaea micrantha Guill. and Perr., N. nouchali Burm.f.,N. rubra Roxb. ex Andrews, N. mexicana Zucc., N. 9 marliacea Hort ex Lat.-Marl., N. pubescens Willd. and N. caerulea Savigny, and two unidentified taxa, namely N. manipurensis Asharani & Biseshwori and N. manipurensis var. versicolor Asharani and Biseshwori, during the sample surveys.” (Devi et al., 2016, p. 360)

  “High range and variety of the vegetative characters and the availability of many hybrids have been the major challenges in specific delimitation.” (Devi et al., 2016, p. 364)

  “Members of subgenus Brachyceras have triangularshaped rhizomes; globular rhizomes are observed in subgenus Lotos, whereas cylindrical rhizomes are observed in subgenus Nymphaea.” (Devi et al., 2016, p. 364)

Attachments

• Devi et al_2016_Multivariate analysis of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) taxa in Manipur (India).pdf

  Contents

  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Materials and methods
    • Plant material
    • Characterization and evaluation
    • Statistical analysis
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References

Nymphaea nouchali var. versicolor ‘Bua Phuean’: Seed Morphology and Germination In Vitro

Tags:

• in vitro
• germination
• aseptic condition
• germination rate
• Nymphaea nouchali
• seed stage
• seedling development

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (11/17/2021, 6:49:23 PM)

  "Seeds of each selected stage were separately rinsed with clean running tap water for 10 min and washed in distilled water. Seeds were immersed for 15 min in 5% (v/v) Clorox (a commercial bleach solution containing 5.25%, w/w, sodium hypochlorite as available chlorine) to which 2 drops of Tween-20 were added. The samples were rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water each for 5 min before placing on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)." (p. 20)

  "Afterward, 15 ml of sterile distilled water was poured over the seeds on semi-solid medium." (p. 20)

  "Cultures were then kept in a growth room under dark condition or 16 hr of illumination from cool white fluorescent lamps (44.57 μmol/m2/s light intensity) and 8 hr of darkness at 25±2 °C." (p. 20)

  "With the naked eye, the different color of seeds could be seen in dissimilar stages of fruits. According to the diverse seed colors, 'Bua Phuean' fruits were classified into stage 1 to 5 which contained orange-red, red, light brown, brown and dark brown seeds, respectively (Figure 2)." (p. 20)

  "stage 5: seed coat was dark brown, rows of longitudinal trichomes present and thick air-containing sack-like, pulpy aril covered." (p. 20)

  "At some point in seed surface sterilization, spongy aril was mangled. Thus, all surface-sterilized seeds that placing on the MS basal medium was uncovered with the aril." (p. 22)

  "highest germination percentage was obtained from stage 5 seeds at 82.22 (Figure 5). These findings illustrated that mature seeds of 'Bua Phuean' had higher germinability than the younger ones." (p. 22)

  "Moreover, the results also suggested that light promoted germination in 'Bua Phuean' seeds as none of seeds from stage 3 to 5 were found germinating under dark condition (Figures 5 and 6)." (p. 22)

  "The coleoptile (plumular sheath) protruded out of seed coat before the first foliage leaf emerged (Figure 7). Afterward, root became noticeable and the first foliage leaf began expanding." (p. 23)

  "Seed germination of 'Bua Phuean' in our experiment did not require cold stratification or perform any dormancy like in some reports (Estrelles et al., 2004; Sumlu et al., 2010)." (p. 24)

  "In the present study, seeds from stage 4 and 5 apparently had the potential for plant propagation even though the highest survival rate was from stage 5." (p. 24)

Attachments

• Bodhipadma et al_2011_Nymphaea nouchali var.pdf

Pharmocognostic studies on Nymphaea spp.

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (12/24/2021, 4:34:58 PM)

  "The sample of selected plants were collected from different parts of Rajasthan from water bodies and marshy areas." (p. 19)

  "A large, aquatic herb with tuberous rhizome and peltate leaves, flowers solitary, fragrant, variable in colour, deep red to pure white, fruit a spongy berry." (p. 23)

  "Part of the leaves is submerged, while others rise slightly above the surface. The leaves are round and green on top; they usually have a darker underside. The floating leaves have undulating edges that give them a crenellate appearance. Their size is about 20-24 cm and their spread is 0.8 to 1.9 m." (p. 23)

  "Nymphaea nouchali is a day-blooming nonviviparous plant with submerged roots and stems." (p. 23)

Attachments

• Pareek_Kumar_PHARMOCOGNOSTIC STUDIES ON NYMPHAEA SPP.pdf

Photosynthesis in the Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea caerulea Saligny) Using Pulse Amplitude Modulation Fluorometry

Tags:

• CAM photosynthesis
• carbon fixation
• diurnal cycle
• gross photosynthesis
• light curves
• PPFD
• primary productivity
• pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry
• submerged aquatic metabolism

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (11/17/2021, 6:29:59 PM)

  "Blue Egyptian water lilies (Nymphaea caerulea, Savigny) are grown as decorative plants in circular earthenware bowls (30 L) on the Phuket campus of Prince Songkla University, Phuket Province, Thailand (lat. 7°539N, long. 98°249E) in June 2011." (p. 127)

  "They are not fertilized, and they rely on rainwater most of the year and tap water in the dry season." (p. 127)

  "Maximum effective photosynthetic yield (Ymax) by Nymphaea was only;0.2-0.3 for leaves sampled during the night, rose to;0.5-0.6 at midday, but then steadily declined back to nighttime levels by sunset (fig. 1)." (p. 128)

  "The rETRmax was 55:36 1:24mmol m2 s1, and the optimum irradiance (Eopt) was 9206 39:1mmol m2 s1 PPFD, or;44% of full sunlight at the season when the study was done in Phuket (fig. 1)." (p. 128)

  "The photosynthetic efficiency (a) was 0:16346 0:00785, which is somewhat lower than a typical value found for C3 vascular plants (Ritchie 2008) or CAM plants (Ritchie and Bunthawin 2010a, 2010b)." (p. 128)

  "The approximate maximum Pg rate would be 13:86 0:31mmol O2 m2 s1." (p. 128)

  "For leaves collected during the day, the Eopt value was ;900mmol m2 s1 PPFD, but Eopt values were lower early in the morning and at night." (p. 129)

  "The Pg of a layered battery of Nymphaea leaves would not saturate during the middle of the day and would reach a maximum theoretical carbon fixation rate of 700mg C m2 s1 (;7 times that achieved by the Nymphaea leaves; fig. 7), or ;16.4 g C m2 d1 (fig. 8)." (p. 132)

  "The pattern of titratable acid in the leaves of Nymphaea, however, is not consistent with any significant CAM physiology (fig. 6; cf. Ritchie and Bunthawin 2010a, 2010b)." (p. 133)

  "This study shows that the amount of organic acid stored in Nymphaea leaves is so small, compared to that in classical CAM plants (300 to>1000mmol Hþ g1 FW; Luttge 2007) and SAM/CAM plants (Isoetes300mmol Hþ g1 FW; Keeley 1983), that it would provide only;15 min supply of CO2 at midday rates of photosynthesis." (p. 133)

  "Figures 2 and 3 show that Nymphaea is a sun plant able to maintain very high rates of photosynthesis in full sunlight (2110mmol m2 s1 PAR). During daylight, the optimum irradiance (Eopt) is of the order of 1000mmol m2 s1 PAR (table 2), similar to that found by Snir et al. (2006), using PAM methods, in Nuphar lutea." (p. 133)

  "C4 photosynthesis in nymphaeids is improbable. The C4 acid pool in Nymphaea leaves is unlikely to act as a carbon storage step in a C4 carbon-concentrating mechanism." (p. 133)

  "The high optimum irradiance (Eopt) of;1000mmol m2 s1 PPFD (table 2; fig. 3) clearly places Nymphaea on the high end of what rates as a sun plant: most plants with such high optimum irradiances are C4 (Atwell et al. 1999)." (p. 134)

  "The Pg achievable by Nymphaea (5.3 g C m2 d1; figs. 7, 8) is comparable to that of a well-kept field crop or pasture of a C3 plant (Atwell et al. 1999)." (p. 134)

  "The finding in this study that Nymphaea leaves have a potential Pg of 5.3 g C m2 d1 is very impressive when it is noted that it is achieved by a single leaf acting as a horizontal photosynthetic surface having a palisade mesophyll with only 2 or 3 cells" (p. 134)

  "Since irradiance reached more than 2100mmol m2 s1 at midday in Phuket during the time of the study, equation (3) predicts substantial photoinhibition of photosynthesis during the middle of the day, but the inhibition was less than 50% because of the very high optimum irradiance." (p. 134)

  "stacked on top of each other (Kaul 1976; Hough and Wetzel 1977)." (p. 135)

  "In terms of converting a total daily irradiance of 57 mol m2 PPFD into moles of carbon, the photosynthetic efficiency is 3.3%." (p. 135)

  "The daily cumulative Pg shown in figure 8 shows that a water lily pond completely covered by leaves is capable of about one-third of the theoretical maximum carbon fixation rate, even under nutrient-limited conditions." (p. 135)

Attachments

• Ritchie_2012_Photosynthesis in the Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea caerulea Saligny) Using Pulse.pdf

Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/25/2022, 3:18:14 PM)

  “Autogamy has also been reported among other members of subg. Brachyceras, such as N. caerulea and N. stellata Willd. (Conard, 1905)” (Wiersema, 1988, p. 800)

Attachments

• Wiersema_1988_Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae).pdf

  Contents

  • • p. [795]
    • p. 796
    • p. 797
    • p. 798
    • p. 799
    • p. 800
    • p. 801
    • p. 802
    • p. 803
    • p. 804

Role of Brycinus lateralis (Teleostei: Alestidae) in dispersal and germination of Nymphaea nouchali (Angiospermae: Nymphaeaceae) seeds on a seasonal floodplain of the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Tags:

• germination
• seed germination
• digestive tract
• frugivore
• seed ingestion
• seed passage

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/6/2022, 6:18:26 PM)

  “Seeds extracted from the gut of this species had an overall mean germination success of 11.7%.” (Mmusi et al., 2016, p. 1)

  “The seeds were placed in Petri dishes lined with cotton wool, which was saturated with distilled water twice per day. The water and cotton wool were changed every three days to avoid fungal or algal growth, which could affect germination.” (Mmusi et al., 2016, p. 3)

  “Of the fourteen species of fish collected in the Thamalakane and Boro rivers, eight contained seeds in their digestive tracts. All seeds belonged to the aquatic flowering plant Nymphaea nouchali (Table 1).” (Mmusi et al., 2016, p. 3)

  “Most seeds of N. nouchali retrieved from B. lateralis guts did not germinate, but those seeds might have been viable, yet dormant, and therefore available to germinate during the next favourable season.” (Mmusi et al., 2016, p. 4)

  “The plants available in the surroundings of the nets were not limited to N. nouchali, because the B. lateralis sampled were found to have consumed several other items of aquatic and terrestrial origin.” (Mmusi et al., 2016, p. 4)

Attachments

• Mmusi et al_2016_Role of Brycinus lateralis (Teleostei.pdf
• Snapshot

Screening of Phytochemical Constituents of Nymphaea Caerulea savigny. An Aquatic Plant Resource for Drug Development

Tags:

• phytochemistry

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/6/2022, 6:10:59 PM)

  “Roots, rhizomes, leaves and flowers (Fig.2 b, c, e and f) were collected from palakonda hills near palakondaraya temple, kadapa District.” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 2)

  “The phytochemical screening of various parts of N. caerulea showed that they are rich in phenols, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones and anthocyanins present in all plant parts but leaves and flowers are showing all phytochemicals in methanol, ethanol and chloroform extractions.” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 3)

  “Leaves and flowers have more number of secondary metabolites than the rhizome and roots (Table-1). Triterpenoides, alkaloids are absent in root whereas leucoanthocyanins, anthraquinones, triterpenoides and alkaloids are absent in rhizome.” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 3)

  “Alkaloids are found only in aqueous extract of flower and leaf.” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 3)

  “The highest total flavonoid content was found in flowers (0.02275 mg QE/g (Quercetin Equivalent)/g) followed by leaf (0.012 QE/g) whereas absent in rhizome and root.” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 5)

  “The highest total phenols content was found in leaf (325 mg TAE (Tannic Acid Equivalent)/g) than flower (315 mg TAE/g), rhizome (210 mg TAE/g) and root (1801 mg TAE/g) (Table-2).” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 5)

  “The highest total tannins cotent was found in the leaf (90.156 mg TAE/g) and followed by flower (0.11225 mg TAE/g).” (Prasad and Savithramma, 2016, p. 5)

Attachments

• Prasad_Savithramma_Screening of Phytochemical Constituents of Nymphaea Caerulea savigny.pdf

Selective insectivory in Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.

Tags:

• morphology
• flower
• insectivory

Notes:

• Extracted Annotations (1/23/2022, 9:25:45 PM)

  "As soon as an insect lands on the stamen, the filament bends inwards to make the insect fall into the stigmatic cup filled with the watery fluid. The insect desperately swims around the circular brim to find a path to escape. In doing so, it tries to grasp the clavateshaped stigmatic appendages - a futile effort, given that the appendages are slippery and curved inwards. The hairs on the inner walls of the cup, the stigmatic appendages, and the inner rows of stamens with their unique shape and structure act as insect-retaining mechanisms. The wet wings and body parts make swimming, flying or climbing up the anthers even more difficult and the insect finally succumbs (Supplementary Movie 1)." (p. 2)

  "We observed this phenomenon with no other variety of N. nouchali and N. rubra Roxb. ex Andrews growing in the same pond." (p. 3)

  "Nutrients are absorbed after the flowers are submerged, possibly to support fruit or seedling development." (p. 3)

  "Two features, namely the stigmatic cup functioning as a trap for insects and the insects being digested in the submerged flowers, distinguish this form of insectivory from the rest." (p. 3)

  "In brief, the study suggests that the insects are trapped through aquaplaning. The stigmatic cup functions like a pit trap. The flowers selectively trap flies, honeybees, and solitary bees. The form of insectivory seems primitive, given the simple mechanisms for luring, trapping, and killing followed by digestion in submerged flowers." (p. 3)

  "The process is unique, found neither in the other species of the genus Nymphaea nor in other groups of plants." (p. 3)

  "Field work was conducted in an artificial pond located in the premises of the Naoroji Godrej Centre for Plant Research, near Pune, India, where two species of water lilies (N. nouchali and N. rubra) are being cultivated." (p. 4)

  "Preliminary experiments on insecticidal properties of the liquid collected from the stigmatic cup showed 40% mortality in houseflies." (p. 4)

Attachments

• Snapshot
• Tetali et al_2008_Selective insectivory in Nymphaea nouchali Burm.pdf

The regeneration potential of the seed bank of an ephemeral floodplain in South Africa

Tags:

• germination
• Regeneration
• Resilience
• Seed bank
• Temporary wetland
• Water regime

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/8/2022, 4:40:32 PM)

  “Both Nymphaea species germinated quickly from all water-regime pretreatments and all sites to dominate the first germination event (Figs. 1 and 3). Nymphaea lotus germinated from the second trial whereas Nymphaea caerulea did not. This may indicate that N. caerulea must replenish its seed bank between germination events whereas N. lotus is a generalist with viable seeds remaining after each germination event.” (Brock and Rogers, 1998, p. 132)

Attachments

• Brock_Rogers_1998_The regeneration potential of the seed bank of an ephemeral floodplain in South.pdf
• ScienceDirect Snapshot

Transcultural use of narcotic water lilies in ancient egyptian and maya drug ritual

Notes:

• Annotations
  (4/6/2022, 4:20:53 PM)

  “The genus Nelumbo (syn. Nelubium) was unknown in ancient Egypt and was never found as a part of ancient monuments or of any art.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 40)

  “In 1877 Caspary, working on collections made by Sieber in Damietta, Egypt, recognized that N. caerulea var. albiflora was the plant that Kotschy had identified as N. amplu. The mistake is explained in part by the observation that N. caerulea hybridizes with N. micrantha to the west, and N. capensis to the south.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 40)

  “Many botanists such as Hooker and Thompson (1855) found it convenient to treat all blue water lilies of Africa and Asia as N. stellata.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 40)

  “Hybridization within the genus is common and has added another dimension of confusion; however, hybridization does not occur between Old World and New World species.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 41)

  “The first reference to narcotic properties comes from an 1822 report made by Descourtilz, a doctor of medicine of the University of Paris. In the eighth volume of his Flora Pittoresque et Me’dicinale des Antilles he writes (on page 266) that a doctor named Ailbert assured him that he had used “Nymphoea” as a narcotic to replace opiates. He utilized the flowers and the fruits.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “The species of Nymphaea was never stated and has been taken to be N. alba which is abundant in that area.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “Descourtilz is explicit in saying the “roots” (that is to say, the rhizome) were not used.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “The next important report comes from Pobeguin (1912) who in writing of Nymphaea stellata and N. caerulea (the two have often been confused - even by botanists) states, “ La decoction de la fleur est narcotique.. .” This is the first published instance in which the blue water lily of ancient Egypt is implicated in a narcosis which involves the use of the flower.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “In 1909 Stuhlmann pointed out that the rhizomes of Nymphaea caerulea while eaten when cooked, were “poisonous” unless boiled.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “Delphaut and Balansard (1941) in that year published thei” (Emboden, 1981, p. 53)

  “Arguments that Nymphaea caerulea was only an ornamental plant must recognize that the flower opens only for four hours, from 8 a.m. until noon, and then promptly closes. For this reason, it is not particularly suited as an ornament. Moreover, the closed flowers have no fragrance.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 20)

  “Dobkin de Rios (1974) wrote about the toad motif (Bufo) as an element in the psychotropic fauna of the Maya, and found a high frequency of this representation combined with Nymphaeu amplu.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 61)

  “Emboden’s (1974) suggestion of possible narcotic properties of N. amplu led her to formulate her hypothesis (1977a and b) that the role of the white water lily was of importance in Maya thought and that if used by the priests it might have considerable impact on their cosmological concepts by altering their sense of time. This she suggests is through the action of apomorphine acting as a strong emetic.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 61)

  “Such published errors, supplemented by a full-page photograph, tend to enter as an erroneous part of the lore surrounding the water lily. It is clear that no botanist was consulted in making this incorrect assertion.” (Emboden, 1981, p. 25)

Attachments

• Emboden_1981_Transcultural use of narcotic water lilies in ancient egyptian and maya drug.pdf
• ScienceDirect Snapshot