Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Xianbao Deng |
Author | Lingping Zhu |
Author | Ting Fang |
Author | Sornkanok Vimolmangkang |
Author | Dong Yang |
Author | Collins Ogutu |
Author | Yanling Liu |
Author | Yuepeng Han |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06099 |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1130-1136 |
Publication | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |
ISSN | 0021-8561 |
Date | 2016-02-10 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: American Chemical Society |
Journal Abbr | J. Agric. Food Chem. |
DOI | 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06099 |
Accessed | 1/9/2022, 1:54:40 AM |
Library Catalog | ACS Publications |
Abstract | Alkaloids are the most relevant bioactive components in lotus, a traditional herb in Asia, but little is known about their qualitative and quantitative distributions. Here, we report on the alkaloid composition in various lotus organs. Lotus laminae and embryos are rich in isoquinoline alkaloids, whereas petioles and rhizomes contain trace amounts of alkaloids. Wide variation of alkaloid accumulation in lamina and embryo was observed among screened genotypes. In laminae, alkaloid accumulation increases during early developmental stages, reaches the highest level at full size stage, and then decreases slightly during senescence. Vegetative and embryogenic tissues accumulate mainly aporphine-type and bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, respectively. Bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids may be synthesized mainly in lamina and then transported into embryo via latex through phloem translocation. In addition, mechanical wounding was shown to induce significant accumulation of specific alkaloids in lotus leaves. |
Date Added | 1/9/2022, 1:54:40 AM |
Modified | 2/12/2022, 4:08:51 PM |
In addition, mechanical wounding was shown to significantly induce accumulation of specific alkaloids in lotus leaves.
A total of forty-six lotus genotypes (forty-five ecotypes of N. nucifera and one ecotype of N. lutea) were used in this study. Of the 46 genotypes, 20, 16, and 10 belong to seed-producing, flower-producing, and rhizome-producing genotypes, respectively (Table S1). For the screen of alkaloids in laminae, 38 genotypes were utilized.
All these genotypes were grown in pots (70 cm in diameter and 60 cm high) at Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan, Hubei province, PRC). All pots were set on the ground, and filled with 40-cm soil covering with 20-cm water. ‘Fujian No 17’, an excellent seed-producing variety in China, was selected for investigation of the spatial distribution of alkaloid components throughout the plant.
The temporal accumulation of alkaloids in laminae was investigated using cv. ‘Luming’, and leaf samples were collected at seven developmental stages.
In addition, the bleeding sap was collected by making hole cuts on the bottom of full opened disc-shaped leaves, and approximately 600 µL of bleeding sap was subjected to alkaloid extraction using the same protocol as described above.
Mechanical wounding was performed on fusiform-shape tender green leaves of cv. Luming. Using a 1-mm needle, the abaxial sides of leaves were mechanically injured by making a series of longitudinal traces through the leaf along each side of the midrib. Wounded leaves were harvested when they were fully expanded 7 days after the treatment, and wounded and non-wounded areas were separated.
Petals were quite similar in alkaloid composition to laminae, except for the trace amount of liensinine (Fig. 2D).
Petioles and tender rhizomes accumulated extremely low level of alkaloids, but they shared similar alkaloid composition with laminae and petals (Fig. 2E, F).
Embryos accumulated mainly three bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, liensinine, isoliensinine, and neferine, with neferine being the most dominant component (Fig. 2G).
In addition, we also checked for the first time alkaloid composition in bleeding sap of lotus leaves, and three bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, nelumboferine, liensinine, and neferine, were identified, with liensinine being the most dominant component (Fig. 2H).
Taken together, these results suggest that N. nucifera lotus accumulates mainly aporphine-type and bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids in vegetative and embryogenic tissues, respectively.
Both embryo and leaf bleeding sap contained three bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, with two being identical. Thus, we speculate that bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids are mainly synthesized in leaf and then transported into embryo via latex through phloem translocation.
Overall, laminae and embryos accumulated the highest level of total alkaloids (3112.60 µg/g and 3022.19 µg/g FW, respectively), followed by petals (538.67 µg/g FW), and petioles (136.79 µg/g FW). Rhizomes contained only trace amount of alkaloids (14.62 µg/g FW), and the concentration was almost negligible in stamens (data not shown). Interestingly, bleeding sap from leaves contained extremely high level of alkaloids (10281.86 µg/g FW), which accounted for over 1% of the fresh weight of bleeding sap.
Alkaloid accumulation showed the lowest level at the beginning of young leaf development (359.76 µg/g FW), and then increased during early developmental stages, and reached a peak of 3112.22 µg/g FW when leaves were fully expanded and achieved full size at stage 6 (Fig. 4B). Alkaloid accumulation slightly decreased during late developmental stages or senescence, but was still at a relatively high level (2521.60 µg/g FW) when the leaf edges started to show yellow symptoms.
Our study indicates that full-sized leaves with dark green color (stage 6) should be harvested in order to gain the highest alkaloid yield.
Firstly, alkaloid content in full-sized leaves with dark green color (stage 6) was measured for thirty-eight genotypes, including 16, 12, and 10 genotypes of flower-producing, seed-producing, and rhizome-producing lotus, respectively.
The average content of alkaloids was 1920.89 µg/g FW, ranging from 580.01 µg/g FW in ‘Little Green’ to 5735.04 µg/g FW in ‘Super No1’. Overall, seed-producing genotypes had the highest average alkaloid content of 2582.84 µg/g FW, followed by flower-producing (1815.43 µg/g FW) and rhizome-producing (1291.67 µg/g FW) genotypes.
Total alkaloid content in embryos ranged from 13238.54 µg/g DW in ‘Airspace 36’ to 24292.73 µg/g DW in ‘5-7’ (Fig. 5B).
Alkaloid accumulation was significantly higher in mechanically wounded leaves than that in the non-treated control (Fig. 6B). In the wounded leaves, wounding area (WA) accumulated significantly higher level of alkaloids compared with non-wounding area (NWA). Interestingly, alkaloid contents in both WA and NWA of the treated leaves were significantly higher than that in the non-treated control leaves.
This suggests that wounding induces different responses in the individual alkaloid accumulation.
Thus, it seems that nuciferine may play more important roles in response to mechanical wounding than O-nornuciferine and anonaine.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Takashi Ushimaru |
Author | Sumio Kanematsu |
Author | Masao Katayama |
Author | Hideo Tsuji |
URL | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120106.x |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-46 |
Publication | Physiologia Plantarum |
ISSN | 1399-3054 |
Date | 2001 |
Extra | 00000 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120106.x |
DOI | 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120106.x |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:25 PM |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Language | en |
Abstract | Dry seeds of anoxia-tolerant lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn=Nelumbium speciosum Willd.) have green shoots with plastids containing chlorophyll, so photosynthesis starts even in seedlings germinated under water, namely hypoxia. Here we investigated antioxidative enzyme changes in N. nucifera seedlings responding to oxygen deficiency. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR; EC 1.8.5.1) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) were lower in seedlings germinated under water (submerged condition) in darkness (SD seedlings) than those found in seedlings germinated in air and darkness (AD seedlings). In contrast, ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity was higher in SD seedlings and the activity of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR; EC 1.6.5.4) in SD seedlings was nearly the same as in AD seedlings. When SD seedlings were exposed to air, the activity of SOD, DHAR and GR increased, while the activity of catalase and MDAR decreased. Seven electrophoretically distinct SOD isozymes were detectable in N. nucifera. The levels of plastidic Cu,Zn-SODs and Fe-SOD in SD seedlings were comparable with those found in AD seedlings, which may reflect the maintenance of green plastids in SD seedlings as well as in AD seedlings. These results were substantially different from those previously found in rice seedlings germinated under water. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:25 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 5:22:19 PM)
"Mature seeds already possess green shoots inside before germination. Green plastids in the shoots contained chlorophylls. Shoots of seedlings germinated in the dark maintain the green plastids and can initiate light-dependent oxygen evolution (Ushimaru et al. submitted)." (p. 40)
"This is an advantage for seedlings grown under hypoxia, because after exposure to the light, photosynthetic oxygen evolution and hence aerobic metabolism easily start in the shoots of germinating seedlings even under hypoxia. In fact, when germinated in the light, full green shoots were elongated even under water in the light." (p. 40)
"Mature seeds of Nelumbo nucifera were collected from plants grown in ponds in the Botanical Garden of Kyoto University, Japan." (p. 40)
"The following three types of seedling were used: (1) those germinated for 10 days under water (submerged condition) in darkness (SD seedlings); (2) those germinated for 10 days under water and then in air for 24 h throughout in the dark; and (3) those germinated for 10 days in air and darkness (AD seedlings)." (p. 40)
"These seedlings were grown as described below. To promote the uptake of water during germination, a grinder scraped a portion of the seed coat." (p. 40)
"When SD seedlings were obtained, 3 or 4 seeds were placed on the bottom of a polyethylene cylindrical vessel (7 cm in diameter 20 cm in height) that was entirely filled with deionized water, and the vessel was covered with a lid to prevent the dissolution of oxygen." (p. 40)
"For exposure of SD seedlings to air, water was drained off to a level just above the seed grains so that the shoots were exposed to air and the lid was put on to prevent drought stress." (p. 40)
"For AD seedlings, seeds were sown in a beaker (10 cm in diameter 14 cm in height) with just enough water to cover the seeds." (p. 40)
"Cultivated water for aerobic seedlings was replaced when the water became cloudy." (p. 40)
"For all types of seedling, cultures were incubated in a dark room at 30°C and all manipulations were performed under a dim green safelight, except for the following case." (p. 40)
"When aerobically, light-grown seedlings (AL seedlings) were used, the seedlings were germinated aerobically at 30°C for 10 days under fluorescent illumination at an intensity of 140 mmol m2 s 1 at 400 - 700 nm." (p. 40)
"The upper regions of shoots of seedlings submerged under water in darkness (SD seedlings) and those of the seedlings germinated in air and darkness (AD seedlings) were green (Fig. 1A), although both seedlings were germinated in the dark." (p. 41)
"The shoots of the SD seedlings were rather elongated as compared with the AD seedlings, like shoots of rice SD seedlings (Shibasaka and Tsuji 1991)." (p. 41)
"In contrast with dark-grown seedlings, whole shoots of seedlings germinated in air and light (AL seedlings) were green (Fig. 1B)." (p. 41)
"This suggests that there are general mechanisms by which the levels of antioxidative enzymes are regulated in response to the oxygen tension in N. nucifera." (p. 44)
"After illumination, photosynthesis occurs even in seedlings submerged under water, leading to ROS production from the electron transport system in chloroplasts." (p. 44)
"For this reason, a hypothesis was proposed: because of the relatively anaerobic pond bottom in which this organism is rooted, most copper would be found in the form of insoluble copper sulfide and copper might not be as readily absorbed and utilized as it is in land plants (Salin and Bridges 1982)." (p. 45)
"However, we detected several Cu,Zn-SOD isozymes in N. nucifera (Fig. 3). When copper is not available for this plant, the levels of Cu,Zn-SODs should decrease and plFeSOD may compensate the lack of plCuZnSOD." (p. 45)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hui-Lin Li |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2422174 |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 33-41 |
Publication | The American Midland Naturalist |
ISSN | 0003-0031 |
Date | 1955 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: University of Notre Dame |
DOI | 10.2307/2422174 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 12:42:53 AM |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 12:42:53 AM |
Modified | 12/21/2021, 12:42:53 AM |
Seeds without endosperm. Embryo of 2 thick fleshy cotyledons in a delicate stipule-like sheath, enclosing a plumule of 2 or 3 well developed young leaves.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. J Blaylock |
Author | R. S Seymour |
URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030437709900087X |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 53-59 |
Publication | Aquatic Botany |
ISSN | 0304-3770 |
Date | May 1, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Aquatic Botany |
DOI | 10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00087-X |
Accessed | 12/20/2021, 2:43:51 AM |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Language | en |
Abstract | This study measured pore size in the net-like diaphragms of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) and the water pressures necessary to break their menisci. Mean pore radii were 7.0±0.3μm (95% confidence interval) in the rhizome and 19.0±0.5μm in the petiole. Nets in the rhizomes could prevent internal flooding in water depths up to 2m, which corresponds approximately to the depths at which natural stands of the lotus grow. Nets in the emergent petioles could withstand only 0.5m of water pressure, but there was no relationship between pore radius and the proximity of a net to the rhizome. Their role may be to reduce the kinetic energy of incoming water. |
Date Added | 12/20/2021, 2:43:51 AM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/9/2022, 12:08:59 AM)
"Because the nets are thin and weak, they cannot provide structural support, so their only function may be to prevent flooding of the gas canals." (p. 57)
"The gas pressure in N. nucifera petiolar canals can reach the equivalent of 4 cm of water during the day and about zero at night (unpublished observations), and such pressures would produce a negligible effect." (p. 57)
"We found that N. nucifera grows naturally in water depths up to 2.4 m during the dry season in the Northern Territory, Australia. In India (Unni, 1971) and Japan (Kunii and Maeda, 1982), it is restricted to water<3 m deep. Nohara and Kimura (1997) investigated the ability of the plant to grow between 0.2 and 3 m, and concluded that the maximum was 2.4 m. All of the plants at 2.5-3 m, and most of those at 1.5-2.0 m died." (p. 58)
"It would be interesting to know whether mortality during flooding is directly associated with rupture of the diaphragmatic nets and entry of water into the gas canals." (p. 58)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | William C. Meyer |
URL | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC440211/ |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 225-234 |
Publication | Plant Physiology |
ISSN | 0032-0889 |
Date | 1930-04 |
Extra | PMID: 16652651 PMCID: PMC440211 |
Journal Abbr | Plant Physiol |
Accessed | 12/20/2021, 2:52:29 AM |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Abstract | Images null |
Date Added | 12/20/2021, 2:52:29 AM |
Modified | 1/5/2022, 3:49:27 PM |
In the present work the plants were found to grow in a pH range from 4.5 to 9.7. Acidity, if not in excess, favors growth but the plants also develop normally at pH 9.0.
Extracted Annotations (1/7/2022, 7:00:01 PM)
"Higheremperaturesm200to300C.havebeenfoundtogreatlyc eraterowth,hileelow150C.growthsverylimited.hiswaspart determinedgrowingothseedlingdlarge-tuberntst100,5 18°and250C" (p. 227)
"remainsormantorabouthreeeeks.Thefirstourleavesenbeg todecayndiftheundergroundrtserenotexamined,wouldb apttothinkheplantseredying.Thisstrikingaviora perfe normalcondition.thinthreeeeksafterhetemporaryrrest development,tissueevelopsomthetuberanditsenlargemi veryrapid,herhizomextendingroughhesoil,dleavesndroo appearingthenodeshichccurtquiteegularterv" (p. 230)
"A comparisonhepH 9.0plantsiththoserownatpH 4.5aga showsthatgrowthatthelowerH wasmuchmorerapid.When th formereresixmonthsfageandthelatterreendone-halfnth theaveragereaoflaminaepH 4.5was31.9q.cm.greateranthat laminaefpH 9.0plan" (p. 230)
"Theheighttheleavesovehewaterandthediameterthe petiolesealsoreatertheacidmonthlat" (p. 230)
"r.otubersereform atpH-4." (p. 230)
".Starchsordinarilyhiefoodreservetheseubersn itappearshatacidityterferedhcarbohydrateagendtub format" (p. 230)
"Growthdifferenceshusthedire resultfvariationshehydriononcentr" (p. 230)
"t. monthafterlantingoulderyclearlyseeiilathe weremoreleavesfgreaterurfaceeaon theplantsnloamthaniho inthesan" (p. 232)
"Tuberserefoundon theseedlingsothsoilsutwerelargernth loamthaninthesan" (p. 232)
"Fivemonthsafterlantingereas a verydecidedifferenef nitelyowinghatthesoilypeisprobablyemostimportantctoi thedevelopmentelumb" (p. 232)
".ailureofullyppreciatesactproba underliesy failuresstablishlotusnnew localities.h thisdaphicnfluencerimarilyysical,ritiveioticmaina matterorlatertudy.Organicoils,wever,epreferablener soils,peciallyefsiliceoup" (p. 233)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kathleen L. DeGroft |
Author | David A. Francko |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1996.9664460 |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 373-376 |
Publication | Journal of Freshwater Ecology |
ISSN | 0270-5060 |
Date | September 1, 1996 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1996.9664460 |
DOI | 10.1080/02705060.1996.9664460 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:37 PM |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Abstract | We tested the ability of cold (4°C) and freezing (-20°C) treatments to scarify Nelumbo lutea seeds and thus enhance germination-frequency. Cold/freezing temperatures alone did not weaken seed coats enough to promote germination. Time-dependent seed germination curves and germination frequencies were statistically similar at all temperature treatments. The data suggest that freeze-thaw events in natural sediments may be insufficient to induce N. lutea germination. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:37 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 11:58:30 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 5:05:44 PM)
"I n order to minimize potential ecotypic differences in seed performance, Nelumbo lutea seeds were purchased from a commercial nursery (Kesters, Inc., Omro, Wisconsin) that collects seeds from throughout the Great Lakes region." (p. 374)
"Floating seeds were discarded." (p. 375)
"Two subsamples of seeds (N = 15) were each placed in 250-ml flasks containing 150 ml of Medium I1 and were subjected to one of five treatments: 1) mechanical scarification (filing of pollen tube pore-remnant end of seed; Francko 1986a) followed by a 7-day dark incubation at -20°C: 2) dark incubation at -20°C without scarification; 3) dark incubation at 4°C with mechanical scarification; dark incubation at 20°C 4) with and 5) without mechanical scarification." (p. 375)
"Flasks were lightly covered with foil and were randomly placed in an environmental chamber (22°C; 30 umol m-'s" photon flux density, cool white fluorescent illumination; 12h: 12h 1ight:dark cycle) simulating conditions at the sediment surface in shallow waters during late spring." (p. 375)
"Further, unscarified seeds did not germinate, even if seeds were frozen prior to inoculation into culture medium." (p. 375)
"Rather, the data suggest that typical winter temperature extremes in natural wetland sediments may not play an important role in N. lutea seed bank recruitment" (p. 375)
"However, in one follow-up experiment we subjected 50 unscarified lotus seeds to three freeze-thaw cycles as above; no germination occurred." (p. 375)
"Follow-up experiments on 8 to 1 i day post-germination growth rates of seedlings from all treatments in Table 1 shown no significant differences (petiole lengths and fresh weight biomass; ANOVA followed by paired-sample t-test: P > 0.05), arguing against sub-lethal freeze injury" (p. 375)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Safaa Al-Hamdani |
Author | David A. Francko |
URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377092900803 |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 51-58 |
Publication | Aquatic Botany |
ISSN | 0304-3770 |
Date | December 1, 1992 |
Extra | 00013 |
Journal Abbr | Aquatic Botany |
DOI | 10.1016/0304-3770(92)90080-3 |
Accessed | 1/8/2022, 11:44:10 PM |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Language | en |
Abstract | Petiolar photosynthetic carbon assimilation (PCA) rates, elongation rates, and chlorophyll (Chl) content were assessed in seedlings of Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. grown in aseptic liquid culture under variable photon flux density (30–910 μmol m−2s−1) and temperature (3–30°C) conditions. When plants were grown under standard conditions (23°C, 100 μmol m−2s−1 photon flux density) and exposed to short-term changes in light and temperature regimes, maximum PCA (approximately 650 μmol Cg−1 Chl a h−1) occurred at 20°C and a photon flux density of 500 μmol m−2s−1. Longer term growth experiments (10 day) conducted under a variety of temperature: illumination regimes demonstrated that at all temperatures PCA rates increased curvilinearly up to a photon flux density of 560 μmol m−2s−1, then decreased gradually as light intensity increased. At all photon flux densities, the highest seedling PCA was obtained at 20°C. Petiole elongation rates increased up to 560 μmol m−2s−1 and declined at higher photon flux densities. Overall elongation rates were greatest at 30°C, followed by 20°C and 10°C. Chlorophyll content decreased as photon flux density increased in seedlings grown at 30°C and 20°C, but at 10°C increased up to 350 μmol m−2s−1 and then declined at higher photon flux densities. The collective data suggest that PCA by elongating petioles, may contribute to seedling growth, even under relatively cool, dark conditions near the sediment-water interphase. |
Date Added | 1/8/2022, 11:44:10 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 11:44:10 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 11:51:05 PM)
"Nelumbo petioles contained high concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a (approximately 3% of fresh wt. biomass) and exhibited PCA rates and PCA vs. pH curves (approximately 500-30/tmol C rag-t Chl a h-m over pH range 6.5-8.5) comparable with leaves of bicarbonate-using submerged aquatic angiosperms (reviewed by Spence and Maberiy, 1985)." (p. 52)
"Nelumbo seeds collected from a farm pond near Stiilw~:er, OK were surface disinfected, scarified, and cultured aseptically in modified Medium II (pH 8.2; 1.96 mmol 1-~ total inorganic carbon) by a previously published procedure (Forsberg, 1965; Francko, 1986a)." (p. 52)
"Culture flasks containing 700 ml Medium II and 10 seeds each were incubated in an environmental chamber (23 ° C; 100 Fmol m- 2s- ~; 12:12 light: dark cycle, cool white fluorescent lights)." (p. 52)
"I n seedlings grown for 10 days at 10°C, 20°C and 30°C and analyzed at the same temperature, PCA rates increased in a curvilinear fashion as the photon flux density was raised from 30 to 560/zmol m-2s - ~ (Fig. 2)." (p. 54)
"At each photon flux density, the highest PCA rate occurred at 20°C, followed in descending order by 30 ° C and 10 ° C incubations, respectively" (p. 54)
"The greatest elongation rate was obtained in seedlings grown at 30°C, followed in decreasing order by those at 20°C and 10°C." (p. 55)
"At each of the three temperature regimes, an increase in petiole elongation rate was associated with increasing photon flux density up to 560 ~tmol m-2s - m; rates declined at higher photon flux densities" (p. 55)
"Pe t i o l a r elongation rates in Nelumbo seedlings were 21- to 27-fold greater at 30°C than at 10°C (Table 1 )." (p. 56)
". The PCA temperature (20-25 °C) and photon flux density (approximately 500 amol m- 2si or about one-fourt of full sunlight) optima we observed suggest that, like most submerged aquati macrophytes, Nelumbo seedling light:temperature PCA dynamics resembl C3 plants (see Moss, 1963; Bjorkman et al., 1968; Black, 1973)." (p. 57)
". But our evidence suggests that photosynthesis contributes to elon gation and, in that PCA rates observed were comparable to those reported for leaves of other submerged macrophytes, that Nelumbo petioles function as important photosynthetic structures in these plants" (p. 57)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maranda Esterhuizen |
Author | Young Jun Kim |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17033-0 |
Publication | Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
ISSN | 1614-7499 |
Date | 2021-10-20 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Environ Sci Pollut Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s11356-021-17033-0 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:33:42 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Plastic waste is recognised as hazardous, with the risk increasing as the polymers break down in nature to secondary microplastics or even nanoplastics. The number of studies reporting on the prevalence of microplastic in every perceivable niche and bioavailable to biota is dramatically increasing. Knowledge of the ecotoxicology of microplastic is advancing as well; however, information regarding plants, specifically aquatic macrophytes, is still lacking. The present study aimed to gain more information on the ecotoxicological effects of six different polymer types as 4 mm microplastic on the morphology (germination and growth) and the physiology (catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity) of the rooted aquatic macrophyte, Nelumbo nucifera. The role of sediment was also considered by conducting all exposure both in a sediment-containing and sediment-free exposure system. Polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane exposures caused the highest inhibition of germination and growth compared to the control. However, the presence of sediment significantly decreased the adverse effects. Catalase activity was increased with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and polystyrene, both in the presence and absence of sediment but more so in the sediment-free system. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased with exposure to polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate in the sediment-free system and exposure to polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane in the absence of sediment. There was no clear correlation between the morphological and physiological effects observed. Further studies are required to understand the underlying toxicity mechanism of microplastics. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:33:42 PM |
Modified | 1/13/2022, 4:40:56 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/13/2022, 4:41:10 PM)
"Before the experiments' inception, allow faster germination. er and imbibed for 24 h." (p. 3)
"ion,e lake sediment was collected from Lake Vesijärvi (Lahti, Finland) in 2018. Before the experimental setup, lake sediment was washed by flooding with sterile deionized water, shaking for a day, settling overnight, and decanting. The process was repeated three times." (p. 3)
"The six treatment groups (one for each MP type) consisted of five replicates, each encompassing a beaker containing 1 g of the various types of MP, respectively, mixed into 5 g of lake sediment plus another 2 g of lake sediment on top (to avoid the MP washing out of the sediment) and 250 mL of standard medium (pH 6.8)." (p. 3)
"The standard medium consisted standard medium (pH 6.8). L Ca(NO3)2, 360 mg/L MgSO4, 200 mg/L KH2PO4, 40 mg/L Fe-EDTA and micronutrients: 1 mg/L M nSO4, 0.2 mg/L C uSO4, 0.2 mg/L Z nSO4, 1.8 mg/L H3BO3, 3.4 mg/L (NH4)6Mo7O24, and 9 mg/L CoCl2." (p. 3)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Hongpakdee |
Author | S. Ruamrungsri |
URL | https://www.actahort.org/books/1171/1171_7.htm |
Issue | 1171 |
Pages | 47-52 |
Publication | Acta Horticulturae |
ISSN | 0567-7572, 2406-6168 |
Date | 09/2017 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Hortic. |
DOI | 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1171.7 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:22:06 PM |
Library Catalog | DOI.org (Crossref) |
Abstract | Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in Thailand and other Asian countries, commonly used for religious purposes. However, basic knowledge regarding the control of flowering is relatively lacking. The effects of photoperiod on growth of N. nucifera were investigated using a completely randomized design experiment with six day-length conditions: 1) 11 h for 2 months, 2) 11 h for 1 month and then to 13 h for 1 month, 3) 11 h for 1 month and then 15 h for 1 month, 4) 13 h for 1 month and then 11 h for 1 month, 5) 13 h for 2 months and 6) 13 h for 1 month and then 15 h for 1 month. Each pot was planted with 90 stem cuttings, filled to 2/3 of the pot level with natural clay soil and then filled to 3/4 of the pot level with tap water after planting. The stolons were grown under natural conditions (ambient temperature 30/18°C with an 11 h day length in mild winter from January-February 2013). Night interruption after 6:00 pm was used to induce a long day-length condition (13 and 15 h). None of photoperiod conditions affected the total number of leaves. However, extending the photoperiod from 11 to 15 h and from 13 to 15 h and a constant photoperiod of 13 h produced the largest leaves. Shortened photoperiods from 13 to 11 h decreased the flowering percentage and number of flowers. Extended photoperiods from 11 to 13 h, 11 to 15 h and 13 to 15 h only increased the flowering percentage compared with that of constant photoperiods of 11 and 13 h. Nevertheless, the extended photoperiod delayed the date of visible flowering. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:22:07 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Stem cuttings (one per pot, with 15 replications per treatment) of 'Sattrabussaya' lotus plants were planted in clay pots, filled at 2/3 pot depth with natural clay soil and 7.5 g slow-release fertilizer (N-P-K, 15-15-15) and immediately filled to 3/4 pot depth with tap water after planting.
The active stolons (Figure 1B) were grown under natural conditions (ambient temperature 30/18C with 11h day length for mild winter in October 2013) for a month before photoperiod treatments were initiated.
The treatments were: 1) 11 h for 2 months, 2) 11 h for 1 month followed by transfer to 13 h for 1 month, 3) 11 h for 1 month and transfer to 15 h for 1 month, 4) 13 h for 1 month and transfer to 11 h for 1 month, 5) continue to 13 h for 2 months and 6) 13 h for 1 month and transfer to 15 h for 1 month (Table 1).
Night interruption with Superlux 60 W Philip fluorescent lamps after 6.00 pm daily was used to achieve long day-length conditions (13 and 15 h day length) (Figure 1D).
In this study, we found that extending photoperiod treatments from 11 to 15 h (T3) or 13 to 15 h (T6) and constant 13 h (T5) yielded the largest expanded upright leaf size when compared with other treatments (Table 2).
Decreasing the photoperiod from 13 to 11 h day length (T4) seemed to reduce the percentage of flowering and flower number (Table 3) but cause faster flowering (Table 3).
Increased photoperiod conditions (11 to 13 h, 11 to 15 h, and 13 to 15 h) increased the percentage of flowering compared with 2 months of constant photoperiod conditions (11 to 11 h and 13 to 13 h) but delayed flowering.
In our study, when 1-month-old lotus plants were exposed to photoperiod treatment, there was no successful increase of flower number under long day-length. We speculate that an age of 1 month might not be the mature stage for increased sensitivity to day length.
Moreover, the photoperiod might only affect lotus floral bud initiation, and its differentiation might need a mobile floral stimulus signal from the leaves, since some previous studies exhibited successful flowering in response to extended photoperiods.
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S. C. Sharma |
Author | A. K. Goel |
Editor | Mohammad Yunus |
Editor | Nandita Singh |
Editor | Luit J. de Kok |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9532-2_35 |
Place | Dordrecht |
Publisher | Springer Netherlands |
Pages | 405-410 |
ISBN | 978-94-015-9532-2 |
Date | 2000 |
Extra | 00000 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9532-2_35 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:23:27 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Plants have always played a significant role in day to day human life. The aquatic bodies and wetlands comprise important components of the natural ecosystems. During the last five decades, aquatic habitats are deteriorating rapidly due to extensive demographic pressure, urbanisation, invasion of aquatic weeds and increased inflow of industrial effluents causing environmental degradation and serious threat to natural ecosystems. Soil washed down from denuded slopes and fields, is choking the wetlands and rivers at a very fast rate. As a result, the fragile ecosystems, such as tropical rain forests, lakes and reservoirs, mangroves and coastal areas, which constitute the hotspots of biodiversity are endangered. Global warming is also one of the root cause for destabilizing the equilibrium of the wetland ecosystems. |
Book Title | Environmental Stress: Indication, Mitigation and Eco-conservation |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:23:28 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 5:52:03 PM)
"Generally the number of petals vary from 16-36 in most of the races of lotus. The maximum number of petals from 116-160, were recorded in a pink double race collected from Midnapur (West Bengal)." (p. 408)
"The minimum area required for the spread of an individual plant is around 2 m2•" (p. 409)
"The aquatic body should be filled up to the height of 0.5 m with clay soil and farmyard manure in 3: 1 ratio mixed with 100 g each of neem cake and DAP m-2•" (p. 409)
"Rhizomes with new sprouts are cut into small pieces having at least three nodes. They are planted horizontally 10 cm deep in the bed during February-April, keeping the sprouts on upper side." (p. 409)
"The propagation through seeds is also practised in the same season. The seeds are scarified at both the ends with the help of a sand paper and immersed in water. Germination takes place in 4-5 days at room temperature. After 8-10 days at the two leaf stage (4.0-5.0 cm diameter), seedlings are ready for transplantation." (p. 409)
"Each seed weighs 0.85-1.0 g and 4-5 kg of seeds are required for one acre of pond area." (p. 409)
Type | Thesis |
---|---|
Author | Joe R. Snow |
URL | https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2694/ |
Rights | Public |
Date | 12/2000 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: University of North Texas |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 5:19:40 PM |
Type | Thesis or Dissertation |
Language | English |
Abstract | Limitations from reduced light and increasing water depth on Nelumbo lutea seedlings were determined in tank experiments. Survival was high in all tested light levels. Total biomass increased significantly with increasing light. Biomass allocation shifted significantly to root production between 3 and 6 weeks in the 10 and 24% levels. Survival decreased with increasing planting depth, and biomass of survivors reduced significantly between 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m depths. Nelumbo lutea and Myriophyllum spicatum populations were monitored for one season in a 0.7 ha pond to track changes in species dominance. Myriophyllum spicatum dominated early, and N. lutea dominated from July through October, suppressing M. spicatum at all depths. Competitive interactions between N. lutea and M. spicatum were investigated for two seasons in a container experiment situated within a pond. Where established, N. lutea dominated in the presence of M. spicatum. However, N. lutea could not be established in depths greater than 1 meter. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 5:19:40 PM |
Modified | 12/18/2021, 5:19:56 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 11:51:34 PM)
"Seed germination" (p. 13)
"Nelumbo lutea seeds, collected from the LAERF were physically scarified and germinated in distilled water." (p. 13)
"Single seedlings were planted in 2.5 L plastic pots filled with pond sediment and placed in a shallow fiberglass tank." (p. 13)
"The experimental tanks were filled with aluminum sulfate treated water from Lewisville Lake (alkalinity>50mg/L CaCO3, total phosphorus<0.02mg/L)." (p. 14)
"Light Effect at Constant Planting Depth" (p. 14)
"Twelve pots containing N. lutea seedlings were placed in each of nine 2000 L (1.8 m diameter by 0.75 m depth) fiberglass tanks. Water depth was maintained at 0.45 m above the pot surface. Triplicate tanks were used for each of three shading treatments of 24%, 10%, and 7% of incident light." (p. 14)
"Effect of Planting Depth In this experiment I investigated the impact of increased depth on the survival and growth of N. lutea seedlings. Plants were grown in full sun. The planted pots were placed in six 14,000 L (2.5 m diameter by 3 m depth) fiberglass tanks." (p. 15)
"By random assignment, two tanks held plants at 0.5 m under the water surface, two tanks at 1.0 m, and two tanks at 1.5 m. During the growing period, water levels were maintained, and water temperatures near the surface were monitored each morning." (p. 15)
"The surface water temperature ranged from 17.8o to 25.8o during the study period, with a mean temperature of 23o." (p. 15)
"Initial samples were normally distributed (alpha= 0.05, p=0.83, Shapiro Wilk), with mean mass of 0.31g (± .02), indicating homogeneity in propagules used in the studies. Mean petiole numbers were 2.5 (± 0.2), and the mean petiole lengths were 30.6cm (± 3.8)." (p. 16)
"After three weeks, above ground growth was well developed, and changed little between three and six weeks in the 10%, and 24% light treatments, but decreased significantly in the 7% treatment (t-test, p<0.01)." (p. 16)
"Root growth significantly dominated the biomass increase in all treatments between three and six weeks (t-tests, p<0.01)." (p. 16)
"Total biomass increased significantly between three and six weeks in the 10% and 24% treatments, but showed no significant growth in the 7% treatment (t-test, p<0.01)." (p. 16)
"Under 7% incident light levels, plants produced significantly fewer petioles than plants grown under higher light regimes (ANOVA, p<0.01)." (p. 17)
"The shoot: root ratio decreased significantly between all treatments (Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA, p<0.01) with plants growing in higher light investing proportionally more mass to root tissues." (p. 17)
"Plants grown with 100% light available at the water surface produced more than 6 times the total biomass than those grown under 7% light (6.58 g to 0.98 g, respectively)." (p. 17)
"At the end of six weeks, N. lutea seedlings exhibited 100% survival at 0.5 m depth, and 56% at 1.0 m, but plant survival was reduced to 12.5% at 1.5 m depth." (p. 17)
"Shoot: root ratios increased from 0.65 at 0.5 m to 7.94 at 1.5 m." (p. 18)
"Total biomass production at the end of six weeks significantly decreased with increasing depth (ANOVA, alpha=0.05)." (p. 18)
"Total dry biomass of surviving plants when grown at 0.5 meters averaged 6.58 grams; 3.35 grams at 1.0 meter; 1.32 grams at 1.5 meters." (p. 18)
"Mortality of seedlings is high when planted in deep water (>1m). The few plants that survived from deep plantings showed weak above ground growth and very poorly developed roots." (p. 18)
"The percent PAR available at depth as compared to the surface was 41% for plants at 0.5m deep, 26% at one meter, and 19% at 1.5m deep (table 3)." (p. 19)
"In depths at a meter or more, many of the plants could not make it to the favorable light climate at the surface, even though the available light at depth was equal to or greater than that found in the light-reduction treatments." (p. 19)
"This study suggests that N. lutea can successfully establish from seed even under unfavorable light conditions as long as the depth remains shallow (less than 0.5 m) until plants are well established." (p. 20)
"Conditions with enough available light to allow plants to develop strong root systems would increase chances for long-term N. lutea success." (p. 21)
"Doyle and Smart (1993) reported loss of N. lutea seedlings when planted at an average depth of 0.7 m, and observed uprooted young seedlings floating at the surface in one study site in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama." (p. 21)
"Nelumbo lutea expanded at all depths throughout the growing season. Nelumbo lutea achieved nearly 100% coverage at all but the shallowest and deepest depths by October." (p. 26)
"Although it was shown that N. lutea seedlings might not successfully establish in depths greater than 1 meter (see above), second-year unrestrained N. lutea grew quite well in deeper water." (p. 27)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David A. Priestley |
Author | Maarten A. Posthumus |
URL | https://www.nature.com/articles/299148a0 |
Rights | 1982 Nature Publishing Group |
Volume | 299 |
Issue | 5879 |
Pages | 148-149 |
Publication | Nature |
ISSN | 1476-4687 |
Date | 1982-09 |
Extra | 00000 Bandiera_abtest: a Cg_type: Nature Research Journals Number: 5879 Primary_atype: Research Publisher: Nature Publishing Group |
DOI | 10.1038/299148a0 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:32:40 PM |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Language | en |
Abstract | In 1923 Ohga1 first brought to general scientific attention the existence of a cache of viable seeds of East Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), contained within an ancient lakebed deposit at Pulantien in southern Manchuria. From the geological and historical evidence available, Ohga suggested a possible age in excess of 400 years1,2. Libby3 radiocarbon dated some of Ohga's material at 1040±210 years BP. This evidence of great antiquity for viable seeds has been controversial4–6. The main hindrance to the resolution of the problem has been the paucity of available Pulantien seeds following the dissipation of Ohga's original collection7. Recently we have received four Pulantien seeds, three of which were viable, albeit lacking in vigour. The lipids of the unimbibed seeds were examined and found to be still highly polyunsaturated, suggesting that they had undergone little atmospheric autoxidation. Radiocarbon dating of one of the viable seeds suggested a probable age of about 466 years at the time of germination. This is the oldest viable seed for which an age has been directly determined. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:32:40 PM |
Modified | 12/18/2021, 4:32:41 PM |
In our investigations, the extreme basal tip of the pericarp was sawn off to expose a small cavity where the cotyledons had shrunken away from the inner pericarp wall.
Germination was initiated by imbibing in tap water at 20C for 15 min. The seeds were then placed semi-submerged in cotton wool and left in darkened conditions at approximately 25C. All seeds (except P3) showed some signs of germination within 72-96 hours.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nian-Jun Teng |
Author | Yan-Li Wang |
Author | Chun-Qing Sun |
Author | Wei-Min Fang |
Author | Fa-Di Chen |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-82 |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 82 |
Publication | BMC Plant Biology |
ISSN | 1471-2229 |
Date | June 7, 2012 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | BMC Plant Biology |
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2229-12-82 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:33:31 PM |
Library Catalog | BioMed Central |
Abstract | Breeding programs for the water lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) are hampered by an inability to account for variation in seed set associated with crosses between different cultivars. We studied seed set in two reciprocal crosses between lotus cultivars (‘Guili’ × ‘Aijiangnan’ and ‘Molingqiuse’ × ‘Qinhuaiyanzhi') to obtain insights into factors that govern fecundity in these experimental hybrids. Pollen viability, stigma receptivity and embryo development were compared for each hybrid and reciprocal cross. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:33:31 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/9/2022, 5:55:02 PM)
"In the reciprocal crosses of M and Q, the percentages of normal embryos at the different stages of embryo development were lower than those in the reciprocal crosses of G and A (Table 3)." (p. 85)
"Seed set of most female parents under open-pollination conditions was higher than that in the corresponding cross." (p. 86)
"No seeds developed after self-pollination of each cultivar, which indicated that the four cultivars were self-incompatible." (p. 87)
Type | Thesis |
---|---|
Author | Colleen McGrath |
URL | https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/3088 |
Rights | EMBARGO_NOT_AUBURN |
Place | Auburn, Alabama |
Date | 2012-05-06 |
Extra | 00000 Accepted: 2012-05-04T15:54:51Z |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 5:21:11 PM |
Library Catalog | etd.auburn.edu |
Type | Doctor of Philosophy |
Language | en |
University | Auburn University |
Abstract | Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic, herbaceous perennial considered to be one of the most valuable plants in the world. Each part of lotus is consumed throughout Asia for food or used for medicinal purposes. Effects of fertilizer type (conventional, organic, or no fertilizer), fertility rate, and water depth on water and substrate electrical conductivity (EC), pH, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonium-nitrogen concentration were evaluated in greenhouse and outdoor studies to determine effect on potential lotus growth. All fertilizers influenced water and substrate EC, pH, and nutritional concentration. According to substrate analysis, EC rates were above recommended levels. Both organic treatments resulted in high sodium levels and the organic Nature Safe treatment resulted in higher levels of most macronutrients by termination of all studies. Results indicated increased water volumes led to reduced nutrient concentration and availability. All measured parameters decreased with increased water depths due to greater water volume and dilution factors and researchers determined a water depth of 15.2 cm (6 in) resulted in satisfactory EC levels for lotus production. There would be no additional benefit in maintaining shallower or greater depths. EC is a strong factor influencing lotus growth and with shallower depths, EC could rise close to toxic levels as was revealed in the organic Medina Growin’ Green treatment. Toxic EC level of 1.0 mS•cm-1 was surpassed with increasing rates to 1.3 kg•m-3N among both conventional and organic treatments. Under greenhouse conditions with moderate temperatures, researchers determined 0.6 kg•m-3N was a potentially acceptable rate to target for the fertilizers tested for outdoor production. The rate resulted in toxic levels of soluble salts for some fertilizers and required removal and replacement of plants, substrate, and fertilizer; adjusting the rate to 0.4 kg•m-3N. A rate of 0.44 kg•m-3N resulted in acceptable EC levels for all fertilizers trialed and tested. More research needs to be conducted to determine the interactions, cause and effect of the many variables on specific fertilizer nutrient release to target a satisfactory level to maximize growth while minimizing any potential crop damage due to an increase in EC to toxic levels. |
# of Pages | 142 |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 5:21:11 PM |
Modified | 12/19/2021, 9:35:09 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/20/2021, 3:31:28 AM)
"Both species of lotus prefer shallow (approximately one meter), still water with a mud bottom where its rhizomes will spread rapidly into a water depth of two and a half (2.5) meters (Cook et al., 1974; Main et al., 2006)." (p. 18)
"Based on fossil records, lotus appeared in the Northern Hemisphere 135 mya (million years ago)." (p. 19)
"Fossil records further reveal lotus was more widely distributed in the past than today; only two species (Nelumbo lutea and N. nucifera) survived the Ice Age perhaps due to the 'bottleneck effect' and/or the 'founder effect' which can cause a species to be squeezed out of existence (Qichao and Xingyan, 2005; Tian et al., 2008; Tian, 2008)." (p. 19)
"Nonetheless, when a fossilized lotus leaf was excavated from Linqu, Shandong, China proved to be much older, (approximately 15 mya), it was concluded that lotus was not originally native to India but to China (Wang and Zhang, 2004)." (p. 20)
"Convincing evidence came to light when Les and others (1991) compared serology suggesting that Nelumbo be removed from Nymphaeales and be recognized as its own, distinct order; supported by contrasting alkaloid chemistry between Nelumbo and other Nymphaeaceae members." (p. 20)
"Another important difference between a lotus and water lily is the triaperturate pollen of Nelumbo, which differs greatly from the monoaperturate pollen grains of Nymphaea; thereby placing Nelumbo in its own family and subclass/order (Fig. 1)" (p. 20)
"In addition, Nelumbo leaves can be distinguished from genera in the Nymphaeaceae family as they are peltate and the latter have a single, characteristic 'Pac-Man' like notch from the edge into the center of the lily pad." (p. 21)
"Nelumbo is currently recognized (and isolated) within its own family, Nelumbonaceae, and is among several, quite distinct, families in the clade eudicot, order Proteales; having trees and shrubs (Platanaceae and Proteaceae) as its closest living relatives (Hayes et al., 2000)." (p. 21)
"The divergence of both Nelumbonaceae and Platanaceae is suggested to have happened 121-115 Ma, based on using molecular and fossil data (Stevens, 2001)." (p. 21)
"Anatomically speaking, lotus does not visually resemble any of the families that it is deemed to be close relatives with." (p. 23)
"Lotus cultivars are categorized into three groups based on utilization and strongest feature: flower, seed, and rhizome lotus (Nguyen, 2001; Qichao and Xingyan, 2005)." (p. 23)
"Lotus rhizomes extend and creep throughout anaerobic sediments, portraying a special adaptability to grow in such conditions (Matthews and Seymour, 2006)." (p. 24)
"This adaptability resides in lotus' two-way gas transport system, which may carry oxygen rich air down to the rhizome and exude the excess air back to the atmosphere via the leaves (Mevi-Schutz and Grosse, 1988)." (p. 24)
"Blaylock and Seymour (2000) state that gas canals are essential for convective and diffusive aeration of rhizomes growing in anoxic sediments. The thermo-osmotic gas transport is linked to the temperature difference between the lacunar air of the leaves and surrounding atmosphere (Mevi-Schutz and Grosse, 1988)." (p. 24)
"Air absorbed by the lamina is driven downwards to the rhizome; improving the oxygen supply of the underground organs, and gas from the rhizome streams in the opposite direction of the central plate (Vogel, 2004)." (p. 24)
"Across the expanse of the lamina, air enters the leaf and escapes back to the atmosphere through the highly porous region at the center of the lamina (Dacey, 1987). Air is then channeled through gas canals from the leaves throughout the petioles and rhizomes. Through one of two petiolar canal pairs, air flows from a leaf to a" (p. 24)
"rhizome, joining with the lowermost of three canal pairs in the rhizome through a chamber in the node (Tian, 2008). The lowermost canal pair links these nodal chambers along the length of a rhizome, allowing air from a node to flow both forward, toward a growing shoot, and backward, toward preceding leaves (Matthews and Seymour, 2006)." (p. 25)
"As unique a characteristic is as a two-way gas transport system, thermogenesis is also an uncommon phenomenon and has been known to occur in lotus flowers for over a century; temperature elevations up to 10ºC (50ºF) can occur above that of air (Seymour and Schultze-Motel, 1998)." (p. 25)
"Lotus is quite versatile and can be grown in ponds, containers, greenhouses, and raised beds. Additionally, it is often integrated with aquaculture to increase profits." (p. 29)
"For vegetable and seed production, large size cultivars are planted in lakes and ponds whereas for ornamental lotus, small and medium size cultivars are planted in water gardens or containers." (p. 29)
"The total yield of edible rhizomes is about 6 million tons (Tian, 2008)." (p. 29)
"Field production plant density varies from 4,115 to 7,936 plants per hectare and in China the planting area of vegetable lotus is approximately five to seven million hectare." (p. 29)
"In China, harvesting rhizomes is done mainly by hand (preferred method) which is quite difficult and laborious (McGrath, personal observation)." (p. 30)
"Plants grown from seed can finish a full life cycle (seed-to-seed) within one year with no large difference in plant growth between seed and rhizome propagation (Tian, 2008)." (p. 30)
"Seed propagation is mainly used in breeding new cultivars because seeds are highly heterozygous." (p. 30)
"Rhizomes enlarged in the previous year are typically used for commercial cultivation (Masuda et al., 2006). This is considered the most practical method, helping to ensure a harvestable, uniform crop and yield and in one growing season." (p. 30)
"Lotus prefers rich, fertile soil and lake or pond bottoms containing large amounts of organic matter (La-ongsri et al., 2009; Ni, 1987)." (p. 31)
"Optimal soil is a soft silt loam, free-form particulate matter (Meyer, 1930; Nguyen and Hicks, 2004)." (p. 31)
"Min and others (2006) reported that lotus yield can be increased by 31% through incorporation of crop residue chips in soil." (p. 31)
"Chen and others (2007) found lotus planted in shallow water generated higher yields and that the ideal water depth was approximately 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) (Nguyen, 2001)." (p. 31)
"These findings are cultivar size dependent: Small-medium lotus prefers water depths of 5 to 50 cm (2 to 20 in) while larger varieties grow well in depths of 50 to 100 cm (1.5 to 3 ft) (Tian, 2008)." (p. 31)
"In their studies, manure proved fatal to young seedlings and they reported clay as an essential component for nutrient retention and as a minor nutrient source for lotus production." (p. 32)
"Lotus has the ability to tolerate a wide pH range (4.5 to 9.0), and is not affected by a range of 5.5 to 8.0 in water (Meyer, 1930)." (p. 33)
"Whereas Nguyen (2001) reported an apt electrical conductivity (EC) range for vegetative growth as 2.8 to 3.1 mS·cm-1, Tian (2008) reported that an EC less than 0.5 mS·cm-1 is ideal and should not exceed 1.0 mS·cm-1, even for large plants. Plants become hungry when EC drops off to 0.15 - 0.2 mS·cm-1." (p. 33)
"Suitable EC ranges are dependent on growing conditions, season, plant size, and temperature." (p. 33)
"Water and substrate EC, pH, NO3, NH3, and NH4 were higher among organic fertilizer treatments and within lower depths." (p. 46)
"EC is a strong factor influencing lotus growth." (p. 46)
"With greater temperatures and lower water depths, EC 34" (p. 46)
"could rise close to a toxic level (1.0 mS·cm-1) as was seen in Run 2 among organic Medina Growin' Green (MG) treatment." (p. 47)
"All research was conducted in a glass greenhouse with computer controlled evaporative cooling pads and fans with XLS 15 Firebreak shade cloth (Svensson, Kinna, Sweden) in Auburn, AL at lat. 32.6ºN. Temperature set-points were 29ºC day and 27ºC night with ambient light." (p. 49)
"Experiment utilized a 1:1 (v:v) Marvyn sandy clay loam: pine bark substrate." (p. 49)
"Forty-eight, [68.1 L (18 gal), 59.4 cm (L) x 46.7 cm (W) x 39.1 cm (D) (23.4 in x 18.4 in x 15.4 in)] storage tubs (Rubbermaid®, Atlanta, GA) were filled to ¼ container depth (10.2 cm, 26.5 L) with substrate." (p. 49)
"Tubs were modified using basic schedule 40 PVC plumbing parts to include a drain. Prior to addition of substrate, a 5.1 cm (2 in) hole was centered 7.6 cm (3 in) from tub bottom on one short side of each tub and cut with a 5.1 cm (2 in) arbored hole saw drill bit. The slip socket end of a 3.8 cm x 2.5 cm (1.5 in x 1 in) bushing and a 1.9 cm x 2.5 cm (0.75 in x 1 in) threaded male adapter were cemented together using PVC primer and cement with a 3.2 cm (1.25 in) piece of aquarium filter sleeve (Spectrum Brands, Madison, WI) glued in between the PVC pieces (Fig. 1). Filter was inserted to prevent substrate loss through the drain when sampling leachate. Epoxy putty was used to seal around the drains both inside and outside of each tub (Fig. 2). Each drain was fitted with nylon water shut off valves (Gilmour®, Somerset, PA)." (p. 49)
"After tubs were filled with substrate, fertilizer treatments were applied and hand blended at their recommended label rate of 0.6 kg·m-3 N (1 lb·yd-3 N). Four fertilizer types were used: Conventional controlled-release fertilizer, Harrell's Polyon 16N-2.6P- 9.9K (hereafter referred to as Conv) (Harrell's LLC, Lakeland, FL), Medina Growin' Green Granular Organic 4N-0.9P-2.5K (hereafter referred to as MG) (Hondo, TX), and Nature Safe 8N-2.2P-4.2K (hereafter referred to as NS) (Griffin Industries, Coldspring, KY), and Control (no fertilizer)." (p. 50)
"Three water volumes (depths) were marked at 7.6 cm (3 in), 15.2 cm (6 in), or 22.9 cm (9 in) above substrate line. Tubs were filled with water (pH 6.9, EC = 0.10 mS·cm-1) to volumes of approximately 20 L (5.3 gal), 40.5 L (10.7 gal), or 60.5 L (16 gal) to achieve those depths." (p. 50)
"Considering that all parameters measured decreased with greater depths (due to greater water volume and dilution factors), maintaining water depth around 15.2 cm (6 in) results in satisfactory EC levels for lotus growth. There would be no additional benefit to maintaining lower or greater depths according to the results of this study." (p. 58)
"Ideal EC is around 0.5 mS·cm-1 according to Tian (2008) which our study supports with a 15.2 cm (6 in) water depth." (p. 58)
"Two small-scale simulation pond experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizer type (conventional, organic, or no fertilizer) and fertilizer rate on substrate and water EC, pH, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3), and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4) concentration over a three-month period to determine potential fertilizer rates and fertilizer types conducive for lotus (Nelumbo sp.) growth." (p. 82)
"Substrate and water EC, pH, NO3, NH3, and NH4 were higher among organic fertilizer treatments and with higher rates." (p. 82)
"Variables tested were within recommended levels for lotus growth, with exception of 1.3 kg·m-3 N (2.25 lb·yd-3 N) rate in Expt. 2." (p. 82)
"For Experiment 1, each fertilizer type, with exception of Control, was applied at three treatment rates: 0.44 kg·m-3 N (0.75 lb·yd-3 N) (high), 0.3 kg·m-3 N (0.5 lb·yd-3 N) (med), and 0.15 kg·m-3 N (0.25 lb·yd-3 N) (low). In Experiment 2, the treatment rates were higher: 1.33 kg·m-3 N (2.25 lb·yd-3 N) (high), 0.89 kg·m-3 N (1.5 lb·yd-3 N) (med), and 0.44 kg·m-3 N (0.75 lb·yd-3 N) (low)." (p. 86)
"Water depth was marked at 22.9 cm (9 in) above substrate line to maintain designated water volume. Tubs were filled to approximately 80.7 L (17.7 gal) with water (pH 6.9, EC = 0.10 mS·cm-1) to respective volume." (p. 87)
"For Expt. 1, a toxic EC of 1.0 mS·cm-1 was not reached which led to the utilization of higher rates for Expt. 2. The toxic EC level was surpassed readily with increased rates of 0.89 to 1.33 kg·m-3 N in both Conv and MG treatments." (p. 93)
"Using 0.89 kg·m-3 N in the E.V. Smith study led to the demise of most of the lotus ponds. Since 0.89 kg·m-3 N proved to be too much, researchers determined a 0.6 kg·m-3 N (1 lb·yd-3 N) rate would be low enough to grow lotus outdoors in a pond, based on these greenhouse studies (Chapter 4)." (p. 93)
"Unfortunately, for reasons yet discovered, the 0.6 kg·m-3 N rate proved to be too high in the outdoor study (Chapter 4). This led to the removal of substrate and fertilizer in order to begin anew; this time with 0.44 kg·m-3 N (0.75 lb·yd-3 N) (Chapter 4)." (p. 93)
"Two cultivars of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera 'Hubei #5' and 'Space 36') were used in this study to investigate their growth response to organic and conventional fertilizer types in 9 m3 in-ground ponds with a substrate volume of 1.5 m3 (2 yd3); consisting of a 1:1 (v:v) clay loam: pine bark substrate blend." (p. 117)
"Fertilizer treatments were applied at their general recommended rates of N per cubic yard for container production, which was 0.89 kg·m-3 N (1.5 lb·yd-3 N)." (p. 117)
"Heavy rain caused all the ponds to overflow into each other. Experimental treatments were compromised or lost; thus data were not shown." (p. 117)
"The second experiment adjusted for first experiment deficiencies by using above-ground ponds and reduced fertilizer rate of 0.6 kg·m-3 N (1 lb·yd-3 N). However, once again, toxic levels of soluble salts resulted in the required removal of substrate, fertilizer, and plants." (p. 117)
"Resetting the experiment and applying 0.4 kg·m-3 N (0.75 lb·yd-3 N) did not result in toxicity." (p. 117)
"Electrical conductivity (EC) was different among fertilizers & supported findings that EC should not exceed 0.5 - 1.0 mS·cm-1." (p. 117)
"All research was conducted outside in an open field under full sun in Shorter, AL at lat. 32ºN." (p. 118)
"Twelve (12), [9 m3 (11.7 yd3), 1.5 m (L) x 6 m (W) x 1 m (D) (5 ft x 20 ft x 3 ft)] ponds were dug in an open field during Fall 2008. Ponds were lined with landscape fabric (Cassco, Montgomery, AL) and secured with anchor pins prior to the addition of the 1 mm (45 mil) EPDM Firestone Pond Liner (AZPonds and Supplies, Reading, PA) (Fig. 1). Pond liner was secured using anchor pins. Plywood dividers 1.2 m (W) x 4.2 m (L) (4 ft x 8 ft) were installed in the middle of each pond to separate the cultivars within each pond. Ponds were filled with approximately 1.5 m3 (2 yd3) of pond substrate to an approximate depth of 0.5 m (1.5 ft) and a volume of 4250 L (1122 gal). Ponds were filled with water to be 0.5 m (1.5 ft) above the substrate, hence making their respective volume to approximately 8500 L (2244 gal). After ponds were filled with substrate and water, fertilizer treatments were applied at the general recommended rate of N for container production, 0.89 kg·m-3 N (1.5 lb·yd-3 N) and blended into substrate by hand on 5 May 2009." (p. 118)
"Three fertilizer treatments were used: Conventional controlled-release 106" (p. 118)
"fertilizer, Harrell's Polyon 16N-2.6P-9.9K (hereafter referred to as Conv) (Harrell's LLC, Lakeland, FL), Medina Growin' Green Granular Organic 4N-0.9P-2.5K (hereafter referred to as MG) (Hondo, TX), and Nature Safe 8N-2.2P-4.2K (hereafter referred to as NS) (Griffin Industries, Coldspring, KY)." (p. 119)
"Two to three node lotus rhizome-propagules of 'Space 36' and 'Hubei #5' were divided from stock plants with young leaves, and planted into ponds on 6 May 2009. Three lotus rhizomes per cultivar were planted per pond half (pond half = ~1.5 m x 3 m x 1 m)." (p. 119)
"Although dividers were installed, 'Space 36' proved to be very aggressive and overtook all actively growing ponds by growing over, under, and around the dividers; hence integrity of cultivar treatments was compromised." (p. 120)
"Total rhizome harvest weight from Conv ponds was 136 kg (300 lbs) which covered 0.004 ha (0.01 acres = 500 ft2); overall yield was 292 kg·ha-1." (p. 121)
"On 5 Apr. 2010, twelve (12), round blue poly stock ponds [3785 L (1000 gal), 2.7 m (diameter) x 0.7 m (depth) (9 ft x 2.3 ft)] were placed on top of landscape fabric (Cassco, Montgomery, AL) in an open field with 1 m (3 ft) spacing between each pond." (p. 121)
"Ponds were filled with 0.76 m3 (~1 yd3) of pond substrate to an approximate depth of 15.2 cm (6 in) and a volume of 901 L (238 gal) on 13 Apr. 2010. After ponds were filled with substrate, fertilizer treatments were applied a week later (20 Apr. 2010) at the rate of 0.6 kg·m-3 N (1 lb·yd-3 N) which was based on greenhouse evaluations of fertilizer rates (Chapter 3) and blended in by hand." (p. 122)
"Three fertilizer treatments were used: Conventional controlled-release fertilizer, Harrell's Polyon 16N-2.6P-9.9K (hereafter referred to as Conv) (Harrell's LLC, Lakeland, FL), Medina Growin' Green Granular Organic 4N-0.9P-2.5K (hereafter referred to as MG) (Hondo, TX), and Nature Safe 8N- 2.2P-4.2K (hereafter referred to as NS) (Griffin Industries, Coldspring, KY)." (p. 122)
"Water depth was marked at 15.2 cm (6 in) above substrate line to maintain water depth." (p. 122)
"Ponds were filled with water (pH 6.88, EC = 0.10 mS·cm-1) to an approximate volume of 1802 L (476 gal)." (p. 122)
"Although planting date was delayed one week after fertilizer application, plants displayed soluble salt (SS) toxicity symptoms with yellowing and stunted new leaves with lack of vigor, digressing to total decline and death." (p. 123)
"On 7 June 2010, new pond substrate was added to each pond as described above with a 0.44 kg·m-3 N (0.75 lb·yd-3 N) rate of respective fertilizer treatments to each pond since the 0.6 kg·m-3 N (1 lb·yd-3 N) rate resulted in toxic levels of soluble salts." (p. 123)
"Water samples revealed that the initial fertilization levels yielded EC readings of 1.2 mS·cm-1 (Week 7). This high level was identified as the cause of soluble salt (SS) toxicity and then demise; which contradicts Nguyen (2001) findings that EC of 2.8 to 3.1 mS·cm-1 was optimal for lotus growth." (p. 125)
"Water temperature increased linearly from 24°C (75.2°F) in Week 7 to 32°C (89.6°F) by Week 10 and decreased to 19°C (66°F) by harvest in Week 24. Temperatures were well within range for lotus growth and consistent with Yang and others (2006) recommendations of 22 to 32°C (72 to 90°F) (Table 5a)." (p. 125)
"King and others (2007) stated that excessive levels of N can inhibit growth of submerged plants and that the concentration should not exceed 1 or 2 mg·L-1; treatment means well exceeded those 113" (p. 125)
"recommendations and still had sustained growth until harvest (mean average: MG 8.7 mg·L-1; NS 5.8 mg·L-1; Conv 9.5 mg·L-1) (Table 5a)." (p. 126)
"According to ICAP water analysis, there were no differences from one week after fertilizer application, mid-way through study, or termination nor among fertilizer types for P, B, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, and trace elements Al, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni (data not shown). There were differences over time and no difference among fertilizer types for Ca, Mg, NH4, and NO3 (Table 6b and 6c)." (p. 126)
"Those same macronutrients along with K, Na, EC, and 114" (p. 126)
"SS had higher levels mid-way through study than at termination; suggesting that the nutrients were absorbed into plant tissue (Table 8)." (p. 127)
"The findings are suggestive of trace element toxicity, however, the visual appearance of plants grown were healthy as shown in Fig. 3." (p. 127)
"There were no differences across fertilizers for rhizome and runner fresh weight (rhizome average: 14.1 kg; runner average: 7.1 kg) (Table 5b)." (p. 128)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fumiko Ishizuna |
Author | Nobuhiro Tsutsumi |
URL | https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/49/4/article-p516.xml |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 516-518 |
Publication | HortScience |
ISSN | 0018-5345, 2327-9834 |
Date | 2014/04/01 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science Section: HortScience |
DOI | 10.21273/HORTSCI.49.4.516 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:22:23 PM |
Library Catalog | journals.ashs.org |
Language | en_US |
Abstract | The genus Nelumbo consists of two species, N. nucifera and N. lutea. N. nucifera is an ornamental and edible plant that is widely cultivated. Earlier studies of sacred lotus (N. nucifera) flowers focused mainly on morphology, phyllotaxis, leaf arrangements, and flower development. During the growing season, sacred lotus produces one foliage leaf at each node. Flower buds emerge from the abaxial side of the basal part of the foliage leaf. However, the number of blooming flowers is much less than the number of foliage leaves. Little is known concerning flower bud formation during lotus plant development. This is the first experimental study to reveal that every node has one flower bud even in the dormant shoot apex and that most of the formed flower buds aborted in the course of floral development. Our results suggest that flower bud formation of sacred lotus is independent of daylength. On the other hand, whether a formed bud reaches blooming may depend on environmental factors. |
Short Title | Flower Bud Formation of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:22:23 PM |
Modified | 1/12/2022, 11:52:33 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/20/2021, 4:05:58 PM)
"The rhizomes (n = 20) were planted on 10 May 2009, each in a 80-L plastic container (diameter, 58 cm; depth, 47.5 cm) with loam soil15 cm in depth." (p. 516)
"The containers were kept outside under natural light conditions and irrigated regularly to keep the water level at 15 cm above the soil surface." (p. 516)
"Ten grams of fertilizer [Daiya-amino (5N-5P-5K); Mitsubishi Shoji Agri-Service Co., Tokyo, Japan] was applied to each container at2-week intervals during the growing season." (p. 516)
"During the growing season (May to October), one flower bud formed at every node (Table 1)." (p. 517)
"After the growing season, each plant had 24 or 25 nodes on the main axis." (p. 517)
"Although one flower bud was formed at every node, most of the formed flower buds were aborted at various floral developmental stages. Only 16 (7%) of 232 identified flower buds bloomed. The remaining 216 flower buds were aborted at different sizes and at different stages of floral development." (p. 518)
"In this study, we were not able to clarify the conditions required to blooming." (p. 518)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cheng Libao |
Author | Han Yuyan |
Author | Zhao Minrong |
Author | Xu Xiaoyong |
Author | Shen Zhiguang |
Author | Wang Chunfei |
Author | Li Shuyan |
Author | Hu Zhubing |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07098-5 |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 707 |
Publication | BMC Genomics |
ISSN | 1471-2164 |
Date | October 12, 2020 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | BMC Genomics |
DOI | 10.1186/s12864-020-07098-5 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:23:25 PM |
Library Catalog | BioMed Central |
Abstract | Lotus is an aquatic horticultural crop that is widely cultivated in most regions of China and is used as an important off-season vegetable. The principal root of lotus is degenerated, and adventitious roots (ARs) are irreplaceable for plant growth. We found that no ARs formed under darkness and that exposure to high-intensity light significantly promoted the development of root primordia. Four differential expression libraries based on three light intensities were constructed to monitor metabolic changes, especially in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and sugar metabolism. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:23:25 PM |
Modified | 1/13/2022, 4:34:12 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/18/2021, 7:40:57 PM)
"To investigate the effect of light quality on lotus AR formation, lotus was exposed to various light intensities, including darkness, and 5000 and 20,000 lx." (p. 709)
"No ARs were formed in the lotus under darkness (Table 1), whereas lotus could develop ARs when exposed to light." (p. 709)
"After germination, ARs could be observed on the second day under 20,000 lx and on the fourth day under 5000 lx, indicating that light regulates AR development (Fig. 1a)." (p. 709)
"IAA content gradually increased with exposure time to light and reached a maximum within 4 days and subsequently decreased; interestingly, a significant increase in IAA content was also observed in darkness." (p. 709)
"Among the different light intensities, the increased level of IAA in lotus was the highest under 30,000 lx." (p. 709)
"In this study, Taikong 36, which was bred by the research base of the Guangchang space lotus (this species of lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., has been deposited in a publicly available herbarium), was selected for all experimental analyses as there were abundant material resources for this plant." (p. 716)
"In the growing season, the temperature was 30 ± 5 °C/day and 25 ± 5 °C/night, and the average water depth of field (the plant must be maintained in the water) was 30 ± 10 cm." (p. 716)
"The seeds were harvested after 30 d of flowering and kept in the warehouse under normal temperature conditions." (p. 716)
"The seed coat of Taikong 36 lotus was broken and soaked in water for germination." (p. 717)
"The seedlings of lotus were exposed to various light intensities including darkness, and 5000, and 20,000 lx at a temperature of 30 °C/ day and 20 °C/night." (p. 717)
"The seeds of lotus were broken and then put into a container with 5 cm water in depth for germination at 26 °C for approximately 4-5 d." (p. 719)
"The germinated seeds were transferred into four light intensities for continuous growth (under darkness, and under 5000, 15,000, and 30,000 lx);" (p. 719)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ray Ming |
Author | Robert VanBuren |
Author | Yanling Liu |
Author | Mei Yang |
Author | Yuepeng Han |
Author | Lei-Ting Li |
Author | Qiong Zhang |
Author | Min-Jeong Kim |
Author | Michael C. Schatz |
Author | Michael Campbell |
Author | Jingping Li |
Author | John E. Bowers |
Author | Haibao Tang |
Author | Eric Lyons |
Author | Ann A. Ferguson |
Author | Giuseppe Narzisi |
Author | David R. Nelson |
Author | Crysten E. Blaby-Haas |
Author | Andrea R. Gschwend |
Author | Yuannian Jiao |
Author | Joshua P. Der |
Author | Fanchang Zeng |
Author | Jennifer Han |
Author | Xiang Jia Min |
Author | Karen A. Hudson |
Author | Ratnesh Singh |
Author | Aleel K. Grennan |
Author | Steven J. Karpowicz |
Author | Jennifer R. Watling |
Author | Kikukatsu Ito |
Author | Sharon A. Robinson |
Author | Matthew E. Hudson |
Author | Qingyi Yu |
Author | Todd C. Mockler |
Author | Andrew Carroll |
Author | Yun Zheng |
Author | Ramanjulu Sunkar |
Author | Ruizong Jia |
Author | Nancy Chen |
Author | Jie Arro |
Author | Ching Man Wai |
Author | Eric Wafula |
Author | Ashley Spence |
Author | Yanni Han |
Author | Liming Xu |
Author | Jisen Zhang |
Author | Rhiannon Peery |
Author | Miranda J. Haus |
Author | Wenwei Xiong |
Author | James A. Walsh |
Author | Jun Wu |
Author | Ming-Li Wang |
Author | Yun J. Zhu |
Author | Robert E. Paull |
Author | Anne B. Britt |
Author | Chunguang Du |
Author | Stephen R. Downie |
Author | Mary A. Schuler |
Author | Todd P. Michael |
Author | Steve P. Long |
Author | Donald R. Ort |
Author | J. William Schopf |
Author | David R. Gang |
Author | Ning Jiang |
Author | Mark Yandell |
Author | Claude W. dePamphilis |
Author | Sabeeha S. Merchant |
Author | Andrew H. Paterson |
Author | Bob B. Buchanan |
Author | Shaohua Li |
Author | Jane Shen-Miller |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-5-r41 |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | R41 |
Publication | Genome Biology |
ISSN | 1474-760X |
Date | May 10, 2013 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Genome Biology |
DOI | 10.1186/gb-2013-14-5-r41 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:22:27 PM |
Library Catalog | BioMed Central |
Abstract | Sacred lotus is a basal eudicot with agricultural, medicinal, cultural and religious importance. It was domesticated in Asia about 7,000 years ago, and cultivated for its rhizomes and seeds as a food crop. It is particularly noted for its 1,300-year seed longevity and exceptional water repellency, known as the lotus effect. The latter property is due to the nanoscopic closely packed protuberances of its self-cleaning leaf surface, which have been adapted for the manufacture of a self-cleaning industrial paint, Lotusan. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:22:28 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/20/2021, 3:58:26 PM)
"Possible adaptations include an astonishing number of putative copper-dependent proteins, of which 63 proteins contain at least one COX2 domain, 55 contain a'copper-binding-like' domain, and 4 contain polyphenol oxidases." (p. 6)
"Most plant genomes encode one or two members of COG2132, whereas lotus has at least 16 members due to WGD and repeated tandem duplications (Figure 4, and see Figure S8 in Additional file 1)." (p. 6)
"Similarly, in lotus, expression of COG2132 family members is confined largely to the roots (Figure 4)." (p. 6)
"Adaptation to phosphate starvation in lotus is also evidenced by expansion of the UBC24 family and the miR399 family that regulates it (Table S12 in Additional file 1)." (p. 7)
"The fact that lotus grows aquatically and may rarely be subjected to drought suggests that the miR169 family is involved in other physiological processes." (p. 7)
"The fact that PRR proteins have key roles in modulating light and temperature input into the circadian clock suggests that lotus may require more sensitive adjustments to its environment than other plants." (p. 8)
"The extraordinary seed longevity and vegetative propagation via rhizomes are likely the causes of the slow evolutionary rate in lotus." (p. 9)
"The lotus genome has a 30% slower nucleotide mutation rate than that of grape, contributing in part to the outstanding genome assembly using next-generation sequencing technologies." (p. 9)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Takayoshi Tsuchiya |
Author | Seiichi Nohara |
URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377089900946 |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 87-95 |
Publication | Aquatic Botany |
ISSN | 0304-3770 |
Date | December 1, 1989 |
Extra | 00015 |
Journal Abbr | Aquatic Botany |
DOI | 10.1016/0304-3770(89)90094-6 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 8:09:47 PM |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Language | en |
Abstract | Growth of leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Lake Kasumigaura was investigated with special emphasis on leaf dynamics. Floating leaves were found throughout the growing period, while emergent leaves were not found until July. However, emergent leaves contributed approximately 75% of the total leaf area index at its seasonal maximum, 2.76 m2 m−2. Mean leaf life span of emergent leaves with thick laminae and stiff petioles was much longer than that of floating leaves (44.5 vs. 17.1 days). |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 8:09:47 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/5/2022, 10:14:02 PM)
"La k e Kasumigaura, located 60 km northeast of Tokyo, is one of the most eutrophic lakes in Japan. The surface area of the lake is 168 km 2, while the average water depth is only 4 m. A stand of N. nucifera was studied in a small freshwater lagoon at the innermost site of a southern inlet, Edosaki-iri (Fig. 1). The sediments consist of muddy clay. Water depth is about 1 m and is relatively constant all over the stand." (p. 88)
"T h e s e d a t a indicate that the emergent leaves are stouter and require greater construction costs; i.e. on a unit leaf area basis, dry weight of an emergent leaf (lamina plus petiole ) was 1.43 times larger than that of a floating leaf." (p. 91)
"Ma x i mu m LAI (2.76 m 2 m -2) and leaf density (10.2 leaves m -2) was recorded at the site 20 m off the shore line in September." (p. 91)
"All leaves found in the early season were floating leaves. Maximum leaf birth rate of floating leaves was about 0.6 leaves m-2 day-1 in June (Fig. 5)." (p. 91)
"Wh i l e floating leaves were born throughout the growing periods, emergent leaves were not found until July at most sites and until September at the outer edge of the stand." (p. 91)
"E me r g e n t leaves contributed approximately 75% of the total LAI when the seasonal peak of total LAI was attained (Fig. 4 )." (p. 91)
"T h e r e was no significant difference in the life span between leaves at the centre and at the edges of the stand (Fig. 6)." (p. 92)
"T h e life span of floating leave was only 17.1 + 8.2 (SD) days without a distinct seasonal trend (Fig. 7 )." (p. 92)
"E v e n a t the dark site under the dense canopy of emergent leaves (e.g. at 20 m off the shore line in September), the life span of floating leaves was not changed" (p. 92)
"C o h o r t s o f the emergent leaves produced at the middle of the growing period, from late July to mid-August, survived for 44.5 + 17.4 (SD) days or about 3 times as long as those of floating leaves" (p. 93)
"E m e r g e n t leaves born before mid-July were relatively short lived because more than half of them represented a transitional form, i.e. they were emergen during unfolding and later floating on the water surface. Because of weakness of petiole, they were easily damaged by strong wind and could not support the large emergent lamina" (p. 93)
"L e a f life span of this transitional leaf form, 24.3 _+ 9.3 (SD) days, was intermediate between that of the typical floating and emergen leaf forms" (p. 93)
"Mo s t of the lower leaves, after overlapping, had died before the next census and the dead leaves decomposed rapidly in the water, while the emergent leaf still kept standing for about 2 weeks after the death and desiccation of the lamina." (p. 94)
"T h e i r short leaf life span seems to be closely related to the fact that when they become submerged, they become photosynthetically unfunctional." (p. 94)
"T h u s , photosynthetic rate per unit structural material of emergent leaves seems to be less than that of floating leaves." (p. 94)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Seiichi Nohara |
Author | Makoto Kimura |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02523605 |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 11 |
Publication | Ecological Research |
ISSN | 1440-1703 |
Date | 1997-04-01 |
Journal Abbr | Ecol. Res. |
DOI | 10.1007/BF02523605 |
Accessed | 12/20/2021, 2:53:26 AM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Three experiments on the effects of water depth and flooding onNelumbo nucifera Gaertn. were made in the artificial environment of concrete ponds. First, plants were harvested in autumn after growing under seven different water levels ranging from 0.2–3 m The number of floating leaves, the total number of leaves and the leaf area index of emergent leaves were greatest in the tanks at 0.5 m depth. The petiole dry weight per unit length of emergent leaves and the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass rose with increasing water depth up to 2 m. In contrast, that of floating leaves was constant at about 10 mg dry weight cm−1. The proportion of biomass in tubers fell from 20% at 0.2 m to 6% at 2 m. Second, petiole elongation responses to the amplitude of flooding were investigated in early summer. The maximum rate of petiole elongation was 25 cm per day at 2.4 m water depth. This was the maximum depth at whichN. nucifera could grow. No petioles could elongate from 3 m to 5 m depth. Finally, the effects of timing of flooding on growth were investigated. At the end of growing season, the belowground biomass of plants in the flooding treatment in late summer was smallest among the flooding treatment plants (P<0.05), and was most severe when flooding occurred in this season. Based on the results of these experiments, the growth characteristics ofN. nucifera in relation to petiole elongation, biomass allocation, and flooding tolerance were discussed. |
Date Added | 12/20/2021, 2:53:26 AM |
Modified | 1/12/2022, 11:01:48 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 5:45:11 PM)
"T h e plants in all tanks at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0 m depth and those in One of the two tanks at 2 m depth in experiment 1 soon died under submerged conditions." (p. 13)
"T h e mean leaf area of emergent leaves increased markedly with depth (Fig. 2a)." (p. 13)
"T h e mean leaf area of floating leaves increased with increasing" (p. 13)
"wa t e r depth up to 1 m, beyond which it was constant at about 0.1 m 2." (p. 13)
"T h e number of emergen leaves decreased with increasing water depth." (p. 13)
"T h e number of floating leaves the total number of leaves and the LAI of emergen leaves were greatest in the tanks at 0.5 m depth. In contrast, the LAI of floating leaves increased with increasing water depth up to 1 m." (p. 13)
"To t a l LAI was greatest at about 12 m 2 m -2 in the tank at 1 m water depth." (p. 13)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Shen-Miller |
Author | J. William Schopf |
Author | Garman Harbottle |
Author | Rui-Ji Cao |
Author | Shu Ouyang |
Author | Kun-Shu Zhou |
Author | John R. Southon |
Author | Guo-Hai Liu |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 236-247 |
Publication | American Journal of Botany |
ISSN | 0002-9122 |
Date | 2002-02 |
Extra | 00000 PMID: 21669732 |
Journal Abbr | Am J Bot |
DOI | 10.3732/ajb.89.2.236 |
Library Catalog | PubMed |
Language | eng |
Abstract | Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. An ∼1300-yr-old lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly (14)C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits. We identified all of the landmarks recorded by botanist Ichiro Ohga some 80 yr ago when he first studied the deposit, but found that the fruits are now rare. We (1) cataloged a total of 60 lotus fruits; (2) germinated four fruits having physical ages of 200-500 yr by (14)C dating; (3) measured the rapid germination of the old fruits and the initially fast growth and short dormancy of their seedlings; (4) recorded abnormal phenotypes in their leaves, stalks, roots, and rhizomes; (5) determined γ-radiation of ∼2.0 mGy/yr in the lotus-bearing beds; and (6) measured stratigraphic sequences of the lakebed strata. The total γ-irradiation of the old fruits of 0.1-3 Gy (gray, the unit of absorbed dosage defined as 1 joule/kg; 1 Gy = 100 rad), evidently resulting in certain of the abnormal phenotypes noted in their seedlings, represents the longest natural radiobiology experiment yet recorded. Most of the lotus abnormalities resemble those of chronically irradiated plants exposed to much higher irradiances. Though the chronic exposure of the old fruits to low-dose γ-radiation may be responsible in part for the notably weak growth and mutant phenotypes of the seedlings, it has not affected seed viability. All seeds presumably repair cellular damage before germination. Understanding of repair mechanisms in the old lotus seeds may provide insight to the aging process applicable also to other organisms. |
Short Title | Long-living lotus |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:32:56 PM |
Modified | 12/19/2021, 5:46:44 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 7:09:36 PM)
"For lotus fruits, entombed for a millennium in such soil, these types of radiation would represent continuous bombardment by a potentially mutagenic source: a-particles (helium nuclei), b-particles (nuclear electrons), and Xand g-rays (Aitken, 1985). It is thus not surprising that seedlings grown from the Xipaozi fruits display phenotypic, evidently mutational abnormalities." (p. 237)
"Repair mechanisms in lotus, therefore, must be unusually effective, notably more so than those in other crops (Priestley, 1986)." (p. 237)
"Four lotus fruits (Nelumbo nucifera) were unearthed in situ, two from each of two excavated sites (Fig. 4). A total of 56 other fruits were gathered from the soil surface, about two-thirds of which were either gifts or were purchased from local farmers (who collected them as they tilled the land; fruits cost 10 yuan each, or about $1.25 US). Of the total, 20 fruits (each having a carefully documented provenance) were collected by our team, chiefly by combing a large area of farm fields on both sides of the Anzihe River in the southern part of the basin." (p. 238)
"Fruits capable of germination usually have a dry mass of 0.7-0.9 g and sink in water, whereas fruits that float are most often nonviable (Shen-Miller et al., 1995)." (p. 238)
"Of the 58 intact fruits collected in 1996, the 40 having a mass .0.8 g sank; the 12 with a mass of ;0.7 g also sank; and the four with a mass .0.8 g and two with a mass ,0.7 g floated." (p. 238)
"Serial dilutions were tested of a nutrient stock solution containing, per liter of tap water, 50.6 g of a commercial fertilizer (Stern's Miracle-Gro for tomatoes, with an N : P : K ratio of 18 : 18 : 21; Scotts Miracle-Gro Products, Port Washington, New York, USA)" (p. 238)
"that contained the following major and minor nutrients: 18% N ([NH4 ] 2HPO4 4.4%, KNO3 6.0%, urea 7.6%), 18% available P ([NH4]2HPO4 and K3PO4), 21% soluble K2O, 0.5% soluble MgSO4, 0.05% each of CuSO4, MnSO4- EDTA, ZnSO4-hydrate, and 0.1% chelated Fe." (p. 239)
"Optimum growth was observed at 1003 dilution of the stock solution (see RESULTS)." (p. 239)
"The pH of the water and nutrient solution was ;5.0. The seedlings were immersed in the solution to a depth of ;5 cm." (p. 239)
"After several months, at the 10-12 leaf stage of growth, each seedling was transplanted into a larger and deeper pot (45 3 52.5 cm); placed in a sunny area outdoors; and filled with nutrient solution to a depth of ;15 cm." (p. 239)
"Exceptional care is crucial to the maintenance of young lotus seedlings at germination; even a light touch to any of their first three plumules (juvenile leaves) can cause blackening and drying within hours." (p. 239)
"Blooms of algae can also inhibit growth, especially of young seedlings (a difficulty overcome by absorbing the algal scum onto paper towels; or in transplants, by skimming off the algal layer by filling a pot until it overflowed; and under conditions of severe algal infestation, by scooping away or siphoning off all the water, wiping clean the inner pot surface, and refilling the pot with fresh nutrient solution)." (p. 239)
"Occasional aeration of the water (splashing by hand) seems to deter algal growth." (p. 239)
"Germination procedures have previously been described (Shen-Miller et al., 1995). Each fruit was weighed and filed at its "pore end" (see fig. 3 in Shen-Miller et al., 1995) until the pink testa of the seed was reached, resulting in removal of ;10-20 mg of pericarp (fruit coat)." (p. 239)
"Each filed fruit was then soaked in tap water that had been standing overnight or resin filtered (to permit evaporation of chlorine or removal of chloramine, respectively)." (p. 239)
"The germinated seeds were each potted in a 3 : 1 soil mix of UCLA garden clay to greenhouse soil (the latter containing equal amounts of spagnum moss, washed sand, and sandy loam)." (p. 239)
"Clay is a crucial component for nutrient retention in aquaculture (Speichert, 2000); a hard clay contains all the minor nutrients necessary for water culture (Speichert, 2001). Thus, clay is a suitable soil medium for lotus culture." (p. 239)
"Lotus grows best in an acidic soil of pH 4.6 (Anonymous, 1987; Wester, 1973)." (p. 239)
"Each of the potted plants was placed on a greenhouse bench; the soil around the seedlings was covered with small lava chips; and each of the pots was placed within a larger pot filled with a 1003 dilution of the nutrient stock solution." (p. 239)
"Heavy algal growth can promote the rotting of floating leaves and depletion of nutrients required for seedling growth." (p. 239)
"Within 10 min after immersion in water, the filed ends of all old fruits became crenulated and crumbled into fine shreds. Modern fruits, in contrast, bore no wrinkles and remained intact throughout germination." (p. 240)
"Nonviable control fruits remained buoyant, had a high rate of mass gain (;131% within the first 1-2 d of imbibition), lost mass shortly thereafter, and became moldy as their cell contents leaked into solution. Most of these modern nonviable fruits had large cracks in their dry pericarps. (But not all of the cracked fruits were nonviable; even some that lacked pericarps remained viable after as long as 30 mo of storage.)" (p. 241)
"Lotus seedlings at germination are rootless and their plumules, at this stage of development, are relatively insensitive to nutrient concentration." (p. 241)
"But once roots are formed and begin to absorb nutrients, young lotus leaves become extremely sensitive to nutrient concentration; toxicity symptoms become visible within hours of nutrient application." (p. 241)
"ward, forming a wavy pattern, layer upon layer (Fig. 7)." (p. 241)
"At lower concentrations (503 and 753 dilution of the stock), yellow or brown necrotic spots appear on the peripheries of younger leaves and similarly advance inward." (p. 241)
"At suboptimal levels (.1003 dilution of the stock), all leaves are small and uniformly pale green to yellow. At high nitrogen levels, older leaves of seedlings become greenish-yellow with dark green veins (Fig. 8; Alley, 1996)." (p. 241)
"Two unique features of the lotus that should be emphasized are the green embryo axis of a mature fruit and the absence of roots from such embryos at germination (see fig. 10 in Shen-Miller et al., 1995)." (p. 241)
"Lotus leaf blades are more or less circular when fully unfolded and have radial veins that converge centrally to a pale green region, a tissue known as the "nose" (e.g., Figs. 9 and 10) where air exchange takes place between the blade and the underground rhizome (Anonymous, 1987)." (p. 241)
"Directly beneath the nose is the leaf stalk that contains numerous air ducts. The stalk serves as a conduit for air and nutrient transport." (p. 241)
"At a high nutrient concentration (253 dilution of the stock solution), browning and drying of younger leaves begin around their entire peripheries and advance in-" (p. 241)
"To prevent plugging of these airways, stalks should always be" (p. 241)
"One to three weeks are required by a lotus seedling to develop fibrous roots at the base of its plumules." (p. 241)
"pruned above the water level." (p. 242)
"(Once water-logged, rhizomes directly beneath an incorrectly pruned stalk die; Anonymous, 1987.)" (p. 242)
"In a first-year seedling, all early emergent stalks are prostrate and have leaves that float on the water surface; emergence of standing leaves is a sign of healthy root and rhizome growth that contribute eventually to the development of a healthy plant (Anonymous, 1987)." (p. 242)
"In southern California, lotus seedlings enter dormancy in December, when night temperatures drop to ;58C and daylength shortens to ,10 h." (p. 242)
"peratures drop to ;58C and daylength shortens to ,10 h.temperatures persist at ;118C, and day length increases to .11 h." (p. 242)
"Floral initiation began in April, by offspring of old fruits).;13 h and night temperatures were ;128C, and the first flower buds appeared soon thereafter, in early May." (p. 242)
"Lotus thus appears to be a long-day plant having early May.iod of ;13 h." (p. 242)
"Lotus plants can safely weather freezing air temperatures of2308C and lower, as long as their soil bed remains unfrozen, as shown by their widespread presence in China across vast latitudes from north to south (Anonymous, 1987)." (p. 242)
"Although continuous exposure over hunAbnormalities—g-radiation of ;2 mGy/yr (see below) appears not to have affected the viability of the old lotus fruits tested, the following numerous phenotypic abnormalities, presumably expressed mutations, have been observed in seedling leaves, stalks, roots, and rhizomes." (p. 243)
"The levels of radioactivity measured in each of the three Xipaozi samples are virtually identical and, as shown in Table 6, yield an average rate of g-ray emission of 1.9 6 0.1 mGy/yr. The old viable fruits have a total absorption range of 0.1-3.0 Gy (gray, the unit of specific energy imparted and adsorbed, where 1 Gy 5 100 rad; Aitken, 1985; Hall, 2000)." (p. 244)
"The various lotus fruits from Xipaozi thus far tested range in age from ;200 to 1300 yr and have an overall germination rate of 80% (in 10 fruits tested)." (p. 244)
"The rate of mass gain during germination differs distinctly between the old lotus fruits tested and their modern controls." (p. 245)
"In essence, the old fruits were "vine ripened," a process likely to have played a role in their maturation, particularly of their pericarps, and, thus, in their eventual germination." (p. 245)
"For example, plumules rapidly blackened after just a slight touch; symptoms of toxicity soon appeared upon exposure to high concentrations of nutrients; leaves and long spindly stalks quickly dried after being lifted out of water; and in tall leaves, interveinal tissues dried quickly if the level of standing water appreciably decreased." (p. 245)
"Early termination of winter dormancy is another response noted in two offspring of the old fruits tested that differs from the longer dormancy time typical of the modern lotus." (p. 245)
"Throughout growth, seedlings of all old fruits tested exhibited distinct phenotypic characters that mimicked those of mutant maize, in which they are known as rough sheath, lesions, red/brown midribs, speckles, bronze, and brittle stalks and have been shown to reflect, respectively, the expression of mutant genes rs1, les8, bm1, spc2, bz2, and bk2 (Freeling and Walbot, 1994; Neuffer, Coe, and Wessler, 1997)." (p. 245)
"Abnormalities observed in the lotus offspring here studied were plentiful, symptoms that were almost entirely absent from controls grown at the same time under the same conditions." (p. 245)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Qingqing Liu |
Author | Dasheng Zhang |
Author | Fengluan Liu |
Author | Mi Qin |
Author | Daike Tian |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09984-4 |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 305-312 |
Publication | In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant |
ISSN | 1475-2689 |
Date | 2019-06-01 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant |
DOI | 10.1007/s11627-019-09984-4 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:12 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Asian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an economically important aquatic plant that is widely cultivated in Asia. It is mainly propagated by dividing rhizomes, which maintains genotype stability but is also laborious and time-consuming. An efficient in vitro method that ensures genetic stability is highly desirable. An optimized method was developed to produce intact and sterile mature embryos by soaking fruits in sterile water containing 2% (v/v) plant preservative mixture. Using mature embryos as explants, an improved micropropagation procedure was established in N. nucifera ‘Weishan Hong.’ The growth patterns of explants differed with the types and concentrations of cytokinins. Media containing 0.5 to 2.0 mg L−1 kinetin were suitable for elongation of unexpanded stems, while media with 1.0 to 2.0 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) the stems were shorter. Higher concentrations of about 3.0 mg L−1 BAP promoted shoot cluster formation. Liquid–solid, double-layer media promoted plantlet growth. The well-rooted plantlets could normally grow after being transplanted. Lotus is known to be recalcitrant to regeneration from callus. Apices of mature embryos, aseptic plantlets, and young embryos formed callus successfully when the medium was supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and thidiazuron. Callus morphology differed with respect to the source. However, only a few of the calluses developed axillary shoots. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:12 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 7:32:52 PM)
"The dry mature fruits of N. nucifera'Weishan Hong' (a wild type of Asian lotus with a single red flower, introduced from the Weishan Lake of Shandong Province) were immersed in 500 mL of 5% (w/v) Tide® detergent solution in 1-L conical flasks for 20 to 30 min, washed under running tap water for 8 to 10 min, and then transferred into 90 × 20-mm petri dishes placed in a laminar airflow cabinet (AIRTECH, Suzhou, China) for 15 min with exposure to ultraviolet radiation." (p. 306)
"A small part about 3 to 4 mm2 of the pericarp at the bottom was removed with the sterile garden scissors." (p. 306)
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | P. S. Williamson |
Author | E. L. Schneider |
Editor | Klaus Kubitzki |
Editor | Jens G. Rohwer |
Editor | Volker Bittrich |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02899-5_55 |
Series | The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |
Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
Publisher | Springer |
Pages | 470-473 |
ISBN | 978-3-662-02899-5 |
Date | 1993 |
Extra | 00041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-02899-5_55 |
Accessed | 1/7/2022, 4:20:10 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Herbaceous aquatic perennial developing horizontal rhizomes and tubers. Roots adventitious, produced at nodes. Phyllomes distributed in sets of three along the rhizome (one foliage leaf, two fleshy cataphylls). Foliage leaves simple, peltate, emergent and floating, producing latex. Petioles of emergent leaves terete, to 2 m in length, bearing prickles. Blades concave, large, 10–100 cm in diameter, orbiculate, entire, bluish green adaxially and remarkably water-repellent. Flowers solitary, perfect, actinomorphic, hypogynous, 10–100 cm across, pink to white or yellowish, elevated above water on terete peduncles up to 2 m in length; floral phyllotaxy spiral; perianth caducous; sepals 2–5; petals ca. 20–30; stamens 200–300, filaments elongate, bearing four introrsely to latrorsely dehiscent anthers, terminated by claw-like, thermogenic appendage. Gynoecium of 2–30 free carpels embedded in the truncate surface of the enlarged obconical, spongy receptacle; each carpel with a distinct, circular stigma with a central canal into the ovary; ovule solitary, ventral-apical, pendulous, anatropous, bitegmic-crassinucellar. Fruits globose or elongate ovoid, with the carpel wall adnate to the testa forming a hard-walled nut, filled by the edible embryo, embedded in an enlarged, dry, sclerified receptacle. Embryo with two thick and fleshy cotyledons surrounding a green plumule, the latter enclosed by a delicate stipule-like sheath. Radicle non-functional. Endosperm minute, helobial, lacking perisperm; seeds exalbuminous. |
Book Title | Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families |
Date Added | 1/7/2022, 4:20:10 PM |
Modified | 1/10/2022, 9:31:06 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 7:25:30 PM)
"During these movements the fruits mature, changing colour from green to deep blue-purple to chocolate brown." (p. 471)
"Fruits which separate from the receptacle are also capable of floating" (p. 471)
"The chromosome counts of all cultivars are also 2n = 16 (Ni 1987)." (p. 471)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James A. Jones |
URL | https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/333846 |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 341-343 |
Publication | Botanical Gazette |
ISSN | 0006-8071 |
Date | May 1, 1928 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: The University of Chicago Press |
DOI | 10.1086/333846 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:33:39 PM |
Library Catalog | journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) |
Abstract | 1. In spite of the presence of a large number of small pores in the seed coat, the seeds of Nelumbo lutea did not absorb water and germinate, even after eighteen months' soaking at room temperature. 2. When the seed coats were broken without injuring the embryos, the seeds germinated without exception. 3. Seeds may be prepared for germination by treatment for five hours with concentrated sulphuric acid, following by thorough washing in tap water and later by drying on a screen to eliminate immediate germination. Seeds so treated may be stored by the commercial grower and shipped dry as ordered. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:33:39 PM |
Modified | 12/18/2021, 4:33:40 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 4:41:43 PM)
"Since the coats of the fruits were found to be impervious to water, the fruits, were prepared for germination by treating for five hours with concentrated sulphuric acid, followed by washing and drying." (p. 341)
"Control seeds were placed in water at a temperature of I5i-20? C. After eighteen months no visible change had been observed, evidently owing to the extremely hard coat typical of the Nelumbo seeds." (p. 341)
"When the seed coats were filed to expose the brown nucellus tissue before soaking in water, without exception they began immediately to absorb water and became swollen. Seeds having their coats broken with a vise and by abrasion with an emery wheel showed similar results when the embryo was not injured." (p. 341)
"Fifty of the seeds in each case were quickly and thoroughly washed in tap water, to prevent heating by the addition of water to the acid-soaked coat; the other fifty seeds in each test were washed in dilute NH4OH." (p. 341)
"Seeds were allowed to remain in air at a temperature of o?-5.s5 C. for twenty-four hours, and others were placed in water and kept at the same temperature for an identical period." (p. 342)
"Seeds were allowed to soak in ethyl alcohol and removed at intervals of thirty minutes and the test terminated at six hours." (p. 342)
"Seeds when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid for varying lengths of time up to seventy-two hours, and then washed with tap water, showed that the treatment for one hour was of insufficient duration to produce result." (p. 342)
"When germination was not complete the cause apparently was defective seeds which showed no signs of life upon examination." (p. 342)
"The most practical results were produced by treatment for five hours, showing io per cent of the seeds germinating in four days and ioo per cent germinating in thirty-four days." (p. 342)
"Dilute NH40H and tap water were equally effective as neutralizing agents." (p. 342)
"Seeds similarly treated but dried and stored for fourteen days produced parallel germination results." (p. 342)
"Untreated seeds which were in water for fourteen months and showed no signs of water absorption or germination responded quickly to this treatment." (p. 342)
"The seeds which had been exposed to low temperature, in both the dry state and in water, showed no seeds swelling or germinating after remaining in water in glass jars for fourteen months." (p. 342)
"No germination results were produced from seeds treated with" (p. 342)
"ethyl alcohol and washed with tap water, although they were kept in correct germinating condition for eighteen months." (p. 343)
"Although the surface of the testa of the seeds of Nelumbo lutea contains many small pores, in the outer walls of the seeds a part of the cellulose has been converted into suberin, which is waterproof and brownish in color." (p. 343)
"It has been shown that the embryos are not dormant, and that germination can be produced by mechanical weakening of the seed coat." (p. 343)
"Seeds may be prepared for germination by treatment for five hours with concentrated sulphuric acid, following by thorough washing in tap water and later by drying on a screen to eliminate immediate germination. Seeds so treated may be stored by the commercial grower and shipped dry as ordered." (p. 343)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Hongpakdee |
Author | C. Samranyat |
Author | S. Ruamrungsri |
URL | https://www.actahort.org/books/1263/1263_30.htm |
Issue | 1263 |
Pages | 233-240 |
Publication | Acta Horticulturae |
ISSN | 0567-7572, 2406-6168 |
Date | 11/2019 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Hortic. |
DOI | 10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1263.30 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:01 PM |
Library Catalog | DOI.org (Crossref) |
Abstract | Sacred lotus is one of the valuable economic cut flowers in Thailand and Asian countries. The growers usually propagate by cutting stolon segment, since this technique allows cloning to supply uniform planting stock. They however consider that only longer stolon cutting with many nodes and active buds would be suitable as propagules. To clarify this condition, the effect of vegetative propagation technique by node number on plant growth and flowering in 'Sattabutsaya' sacred lotus was conducted with 3 stolon cutting types i.e., stolon cutting with 1, 2 and 3 nodes, respectively, using a completely randomized design. All active stolons were planted singly in 1.20×1.00 m circular concrete pots, filled with 1/3 clay soil and 2/3 tap water under natural conditions (May to August 2016). It was found that increasing node number of cutting material increased in total leaf number at 6 weeks after planting (WAP). None of the stolon cutting treatments affected total leaf area, new internode length, flower stalk length and flower length at 3 months after planting. Nevertheless, planting sacred lotus with single node stolon cuttings gave the lowest new stolon length, flower number, percentage of flowering and delay more 2-3 weeks of flowering. Triple nodes of propagated stolon cutting gave the best result in plant dry weight components (flower, pod, new stolon and fibrous root). Planting sacred lotus stolon cuttings with 2 or 3 nodes did not affect total leaf number, new stolon length and girth and visible flowering time. It could be concluded that stolon cuttings with at least two nodes for propagative material is sufficient for creating plant stock for flowering lotus production. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:01 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
In this study, it was found that increased node number for cutting materila gave parallel incr3eases in totla leaf number at 6 WAP, new stolog length, plant dry weight components (flower, pod, new stolon and fibrous root), flower number, percentage of flowering, but delayed more 2-3 weeks of flowering. Planting sacred lotus with 2 or 3 nodes on stolon cuttings did not significantly influence in total leaf number, new stolong length and girth and visible flowering time.
Cost savings by using two node stolon cuttings rather than three for propagative material is sufficient for creating planting stock for flowering lotus production.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeff Sayre |
URL | https://muse.jhu.edu/article/168313 |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 14-17 |
Publication | Native Plants Journal |
ISSN | 1548-4785 |
Date | 2004 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press |
DOI | 10.1353/npj.2004.0017 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:31 PM |
Library Catalog | Project MUSE |
Abstract | The Native Plants Journal 5.1 (2004) 14-17 |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:31 PM |
Modified | 1/12/2022, 11:09:37 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 7:38:54 PM)
"portion merican lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd. [Nelumbonaceae]) is native to the eastern and central s of the US ranging from Maine to Wisconsin and southward from Florida to Texas." (p. 16)
"Nelumbo nucifera, which has pinkish white flowers,is native to northern Australia,the Philippines,the Orient, Egypt, and the Volga River delta." (p. 16)
"All other lotus species are cultivated varieties of these 2 species." (p. 16)
"American lotus prefers water depths from 60 cm to 2.1 m (2 to 7 ft). Most plants establish in shallower water and grow out to deeper water." (p. 17)
"The flowers usually open up in early to mid morning and close by early to mid afternoon." (p. 17)
"A single bloom lasts from 3 to 4 d." (p. 17)
"Today, N. lutea is considered to have little economic importance." (p. 17)
"The simplest approach is to scratch off a small area of seed coat using mediumgrade sandpaper." (p. 17)
"Once seeds have germinated and the root begins to emerge (but before the leaves are up), transplant them to a 10- cm (4-in) pot filled with a loamy-clay." (p. 17)
"We place pots in 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) of warm water in holding ponds." (p. 17)
"A seedling is not likely to bloom the first year." (p. 17)
"Generally, the fertility in the soil we use to fill pots is sufficient for growth." (p. 17)
"At the end of the growing season when leaves have died back, we remove tubers from the containers and store them surrounded by moistened sphagnum peat in a cool (not freezing), dark storage room." (p. 17)
"The easiest way to determine the viability oflotus seeds is to throw them in a cup of water. Retain the seeds that sink and discard" (p. 17)
"the seeds that float; floating seeds have poorly developed or rotten embryos." (p. 17)
"Although we do not always have 100% germination,exposure ofthe embryo does not appear damaging." (p. 17)
"It is important to change the water daily as you wait for seeds to germinate." (p. 17)
"Our preference is Osmocote Exact tablets with 3% water soluble magnesium oxide (15N:9P2O5: 9K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate;The Scott's Company, Marysville, Ohio) at the approximate rate of 5 g per l (0.2 oz/qt) volume of medium." (p. 17)
"Seedlings can be held in their containers in storage ponds as long as the water is more than 1 m (3 ft) deep and the tops of the containers do not freeze." (p. 17)
"If seedlings are held, however, for longer than 1 y in their pots,we incorporate a controlled release fertilizer after new leaves emerge in spring." (p. 17)
"Plant the seeds in water no deeper than 30 cm (12 in) taking extra care to make sure seeds are fully covered with substrate." (p. 18)
"Cut the tubers into pieces,ensuring each section contains at least 1 bud.It is from these buds,or eyes, that leaves will emerge." (p. 18)
"Plant the rhizome pieces in wide, round pots that lack drainage holes." (p. 18)
"Avoid square pots because the growing tip ofthe rhizome is tender and can break off if it grows into a corner." (p. 18)
"In general, expect to use a pot with a diameter ranging from 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 in)." (p. 18)
"Use extra care so that the growing tip is not damaged during planting because at this sensitive stage,a damaged tip can result in rhizome death." (p. 18)
"The pot should be filled with a rich, loamy-clay soil and then topped with a thin layer of pea gravel. Correctly planted rhizome pieces have about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) of the growing tip visible above the pea gravel." (p. 18)
"Place pots in a warm, sunny location so that the growing tip is submerged 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) below the water surface. Water temperatures between 10 and 16 °C (50 to 60 °F) are ideal." (p. 18)
"As with nursery raised seedlings, we do not use supplemental fertilizer unless the tubers are held at the nursery for more than 1 y." (p. 18)
"Bareroot tubers,either from seeds or cuttings, should be outplanted in the same manner as described for potting cuttings: ensure that the growing tip of the shoot is 1.3 to 2.5 cm (0.5 in to 1 in) above the soil line." (p. 18)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pu Chu |
Author | Huhui Chen |
Author | Yuliang Zhou |
Author | Yin Li |
Author | Yu Ding |
Author | Liwen Jiang |
Author | Edward W. T. Tsang |
Author | Keqiang Wu |
Author | Shangzhi Huang |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1573-y |
Volume | 235 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1271-1288 |
Publication | Planta |
ISSN | 1432-2048 |
Date | 2012-06-01 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Planta |
DOI | 10.1007/s00425-011-1573-y |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:40 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Annexins are multifunctional proteins characterized by their capacity to bind calcium ions and negatively charged lipids. Although there is increasing evidence implicating their importance in plant stress responses, their functions in seeds remain to be further studied. In this study, we identified a heat-induced annexin, NnANN1, from the embryonic axes of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) using comparative proteomics approach. Moreover, the expression of NnANN1 increased considerably in response to high-temperature treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the transcripts of NnANN1 were detected predominantly during seed development and germination in sacred lotus, implicating a role for NnANN1 in plant seeds. Ectopic expression of NnANN1 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to heat stress in transgenic seeds. In addition, compared to the wild-type seeds, transgenic seeds ectopically expressing NnANN1 exhibited improved resistance to accelerated aging treatment used for assessing seed vigor. Furthermore, transgenic seeds showed enhanced peroxidase activities, accompanied with reduced lipid peroxidation and reduced ROS release levels compared to the wild-type seeds. Taken together, these results indicate that NnANN1 plays an important role in seed thermotolerance and germination vigor. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:40 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/21/2021, 7:33:32 PM)
"To demonstrate basal thermotolerance of sacred lotus seeds, mature sacred lotus seeds were treated at high temperatures for 24 h. High temperature stress treatments at 50 and 60°C showed no obvious effect while only a slight decrease in germination rate was observed at 70 and 80°C." (p. 1276)
"Approximately, 50% (47 ± 4.8%) of sacred lotus seeds remained alive and geminated after subjected to 90°C treatment." (p. 1276)
"However, up to 39% seeds were viable after 48 h at 90°C (Fig. 1b)." (p. 1276)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daike Tian |
Author | Ken M. Tilt |
Author | Jeff L. Sibley |
Author | Fenny Dane |
Author | Floyd M. Woods |
URL | https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.2.79 |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 79-84 |
Publication | Journal of Environmental Horticulture |
ISSN | 0738-2898 |
Date | June 1, 2009 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Environmental Horticulture |
DOI | 10.24266/0738-2898-27.2.79 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:22:22 PM |
Library Catalog | Silverchair |
Abstract | The effect of soil volume on containerized lotus (Nelumbo) production has been underreported. American lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd.) and three cultivars (‘Embolene’, ‘98 Seed’ and ‘Karizma’) of Asian lotus (N. nucifera Gaertn.) were investigated for growth response to container soil volume in this study. Electrical conductivity, pH, plant growth indices, and plant nutritional content were influenced by container soil volume. Differences in some plant growth indices were significant between treatments with ½ and higher (½ and ¾) container height soil (CHS) in 21 or 29 liter (#5 or #7) containers. However, plant growth indices were generally not different between treatments with ½ and ¾ CHS. Lotus planted in containers with ¼ CHS usually produced the greatest plant height and underground fresh weight, while the largest number of propagules often occurred in containers with ½ or ¾ CHS. The highest number of emerging leaves was observed in plants with ¼ or ½ CHS treatments, with no significant difference in emerging leaf number between lotus grown in containers with ½ and ¾ CHS. Flower number generally decreased as soil level increased. The ¼ and ½ CHS were more efficient than ¾ CHS for lotus production in containers. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:22:22 PM |
Modified | 12/18/2021, 4:22:23 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 9:18:20 PM)
"Generally, soil volume in a container ¼ to ¾ height was suitable for container lotus production depending on cultivar." (p. 79)
"Therefore, fertilization of lotus should be dependent on soil or water volume in containers for optimal growth of plants." (p. 79)
"Optimal temperatures for lotus growth are 22-32C (72-90F) (20)." (p. 79)
"Shallow water is conducive for lotus growth (2) because temperatures in a water-soil system increase quicker in shallow water than in deeper water." (p. 79)
"Inadequate soil in containers may not stabilize lotus plants well and may not provide enough space for extension of rhizomes and roots during development." (p. 80)
"Three cultivars of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) ['Embolene' (medium size with pink fl owers), '98 Seed' (unnamed hybrid, large size with red fl owers) and 'Karizma' (medium size with white-yellow fl owers), and American lotus N. lutea] were investigated." (p. 80)
"Lotus rhizome-propagules of 'Embolene' and '98 Seed' were divided from stock plants with young leaves, and planted in 29 liter (#7) black plastic containers [bottom 31 cm (12.2 in) and top 37 cm (14.6 in) diameter, 32 cm (12.6 in) height] without draining holes on May 17, 2004." (p. 80)
"Containers were fi lled to ½ [16 cm (6.3 in), 13 liters] and ¾ container height (CH) [24 cm (9.4 in), 20 liters], respectively, with natural sandy loam soil. After planting, all pots were fi lled with tap water (pH 7.0, EC = 0.13 mS·cm-1)." (p. 80)
"Fertilizer was applied three times once every twenty days beginning on June 9, 2004, when plants had at least several fl oating leaves and possibly one or two standing leaves." (p. 80)
"Soluble fertilizer Pro•Sol 20-10-20 (20N-4.4P-16.6K) (Pro•Sol Inc., Ozark, AL 36360, USA) was added as 4 g (1 tsp)·pot-1 each time." (p. 80)
"N. nucifera 'Karizma' (medium size) was planted in 21 liter (#5) white plastic containers [bottom 26.5 cm (10.4 in) and top 28.5 cm (11.2 in) diameter, 36 cm (14.2 in) height] with ¼ [9 cm (3.5 in), 5 liters], ½ [18 cm (7.1 in), 10 liters], and ¾ CH [27 cm (10.6 in), 15 liters] of the same type of soil." (p. 80)
"Fertilizer (Pro•Sol 20-10-20) was diluted to a 10% (w/v) solution with tap water and applied" (p. 80)
"on a 20-day interval schedule: 4 g (May 10), 6 g (May 30), 8 g (June 20), 10 g (July 10), and 4 g (July 30) per pot." (p. 80)
"Containers were placed under full sun on weed fabric with 25 cm of spacing between pots. The temperatures were 16-27C (61-81F) in spring and 20-38C (68-100F) in summer." (p. 80)
"After the fi rst or second fertilizer applications, absorption rates of N, P, and K were 99 to 99.6%, 93 to 96.4%, and 80.1 to 96.2%, respectively (Table 1), which indicated that N was completely utilized by plants and more P and K were absorbed in the second than the fi rst fertilizer application." (p. 80)
"Our results suggested that 4 g·pot-1 of Pro•Sol 20-10-20 every 20 days might not be enough to meet the maximum growth potential of lotus, which was confi rmed" (p. 80)
"by fertilization experiments (17, 18)." (p. 81)
"However, micronutrients in leaf tissue were generally higher in the ¾ CHS than in the ½ CHS treatment, possibly because increased soil volume offered increased availability of minor nutrients." (p. 81)
"The higher (P < 0.05) contents of B and Mn in plants with ¾ CHS than in plants with ½ CHS for both selections indicated that the absorption of macronutrients B and Mn was signifi cantly increased by soil volume in containers." (p. 81)
"A rapid increase of pH in containers with 'Karizma' was possibly caused by alkalization of water and medium due to proliferation of some alkaliphilic species of algae (6, 15) such as string algae, which was found to associated with high pH between 8 and 10 in our later experiments." (p. 81)
"Therefore, for the purpose of propagule production, containers fi lled with ½ CHS would be best." (p. 82)
"It was interesting to observe that N. lutea failed to develop fl owers in all treatments. The failure of fl owering was possibly due to over fertilization. However, for the plants of N. lutea grown in larger containers supplied with lower rate of fertilizer, only one fl ower developed in four containers." (p. 82)
"This result suggested fl ower development of American lotus was also inhibited by higher soil volume in containers." (p. 82)
"Therefore, American lotus might be more sensitive to environmental conditions." (p. 82)
"After fertilization at higher rates (8-10 g·pot-1) of fertilizer, plants especially in containers with ½ or ¾ CHS showed a slight toxic symptom in young leaves with interveinal yellowing due to Fe defi ciency which was often caused by imbalance of nutrient or over-fertilization in container lotus production based on our investigation and other reports (11, 17)." (p. 83)
"Fertilization of lotus should be dependent on water volume in containers for the optimal growth of plants since interactions may exist between factors that include soil or water volume, fertilizer rate, EC, pH, temperature, and plant growth." (p. 83)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jun-Ichiro Masuda |
Author | Toshihiro Urakawa |
Author | Yukio Ozaki |
Author | Hiroshi Okubo |
Volume | 97 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-45 |
Publication | Annals of Botany |
ISSN | 0305-7364 |
Date | 2006-01 |
Extra | 00000 PMID: 16287906 PMCID: PMC2000761 |
Journal Abbr | Ann Bot |
DOI | 10.1093/aob/mcj008 |
Library Catalog | PubMed |
Language | eng |
Abstract | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as an ornamental and food plant in Japan for more than 1000 years. As large areas are required for its cultivation (approximately 2 m2 per plant), physiological research, such as into the effect of environmental factors on dormancy, has not been well studied until recently. In this paper, seedlings were used to examine environmental factors affecting dormancy induction. METHODS: In a first experiment, seeds were sown from 6 April to 6 October at 2-month intervals, and cultivated for 2 months in an unheated greenhouse. In a second experiment, seeds were prepared for germination on 16 November and 16 May and the seedlings were grown at 25 or 30 degrees C under natural daylength in phytotron growth rooms. After 1 month, the seedlings were cultivated at 20, 25 or 30 degrees C for a further month. The number of leaves and rhizome branches on the main stem were counted, and growth of rhizomes on the main stem was calculated using a rhizome enlargement index (= maximum internode diameter/internode length) after 2 months of culture in both experiments. KEY RESULTS: Rhizomes elongated without enlargement when the seeds were sown in April and June. Sowing the seeds in August and October resulted in rhizome enlargement from the tenth and fifth internodes, respectively. Rhizomes enlarged in the November-sowing but elongated in the May-sowing irrespective of temperature treatments under natural daylength in the phytotron rooms. The seedlings cultivated from May at 25-30 degrees C for 2 months had more leaves, and more rhizome branches and nodes than those cultivated from November. CONCLUSIONS: Short days led to induced dormancy in lotus. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:32:58 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 8:00:53 PM)
"These species show considerable variations in flower colour and shape, and have been cultivated as ornamental plants as a result." (p. 39)
"The length of the main stem reaches to about 11 m when enlarged rhizomes are planted (Fig. 1), and each plant requires a large area (more than 2 m2 per plant) for cultivation." (p. 39)
"Open-pollinated seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 'Chugoku' were used in all experiments." (p. 40)
"The seeds were prepared for germination by soaking in concentrated H2SO4 for 3 h and then rinsing with distilled water." (p. 40)
"They H2SO4 for 3 h and then rinsing with distilled water." (p. 40)
"Theyr removing softened seed coats, the seeds were incubated in distilled water at 25C under continuous fluorescent light (391mmol m2 s1) until germination (6 days)." (p. 40)
"After germination, four seedlings were transplanted to a plastic container (28· 40· 15 cm) containing sandy soil with 30 g slow-release fertilizer (N : P : K=16 : 5 : 10 %)." (p. 40)
"Each container was filled with water, which was replaced each week." (p. 40)
"The seedlings were grown under natural daylength conditions in an unheated greenhouse." (p. 40)
"The average ambient temperature in Fukuoka gradually increased from April (15C) to June (23C) to August (30C), whereas it decreased from August (30C) to October (20C) to December (10C)." (p. 40)
"The fewest number of floating leaves was seen in plants that had been sown in October. Upright leaves were also observed most numerously in the plants sown in June, but were not present in the plants sown in October." (p. 41)
"The number of rhizome branches was highest (92) in plants sown in June, and lowest (12) in plants sown in" (p. 41)
"October (Fig. 3)." (p. 41)
"Both temperature (P< 0001) and photoperiod (P< 0001) were found to affect the number of rhizome nodes (Table 1)." (p. 42)
"The highest index value (111) was for plants grown at 30C for 1 month after 25C for 1 month." (p. 42)
"For seeds sown in August or October, short daylength and/ or a decline in temperature appeared to promote rhizome enlargement." (p. 43)
"As the Novemberand May-sowings, irrespective of temperature treatments, promoted rhizome enlargement and elongation, respectively, in the second experiment, it is assumed that short daylength rather than temperature is the main environmental factor leading to rhizome enlargement in lotus." (p. 43)
"The critical photoperiod for rhizome enlargement seemed to be approximately from 11 h 40 min to 13 h 50 min for August-sown plants in the first experiment." (p. 43)
"In the second experiment, plants without rhizome enlargement produced upright leaves, whereas those with rhizome enlargement produced no upright leaves." (p. 43)
"From these results, it may be concluded that long daylength accelerates rhizome elongation and upright leaf production, and short daylength promotes rhizome enlargement and inhibits upright leaf production." (p. 43)
"Leaf proliferation ceased in plants whose rhizomes began to enlarge." (p. 43)
"Although the effect of temperature on the number of nodes was not clear under short daylength, numbers increased as the temperature became higher under long daylength." (p. 43)
"High temperature and long daylength accelerate vegetative growth, such as leaf production, rhizome branches and rhizome nodes. It is clear that short daylength rather than temperature is the main environmental factor leading to induction of dormancy in lotus plants." (p. 45)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David A. Francko |
URL | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377086900094 |
Series | Submerged Macrophytes: Carbon Metabolism, Growth Regulation and Role in Macrophyte-Dominated Ecosystems |
Volume | 26 |
Pages | 113-117 |
Publication | Aquatic Botany |
ISSN | 0304-3770 |
Date | January 1, 1986 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Aquatic Botany |
DOI | 10.1016/0304-3770(86)90009-4 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:23:41 PM |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Language | en |
Abstract | Several techniques for the sterile liquid germination and cultivation of Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. seeds were evaluated. Surface disinfestation with ethanol, hypochlorite and detergent washes did not eliminate bacterial or fungal contamination of cultures upon seedling germination. Sequential washings in ethanol/hypochlorite and two incubations in sterile media containing antibiotics (streptomycin sulfate and penicillin G) and a fungicide (Captan) induced sterility in ca. 34% of cultures, while maintaining >98% germination rates in inoculated seeds. Seedlings elongated and differentiated normally in sterile culture. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:23:41 PM |
Modified | 12/18/2021, 4:23:43 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 5:01:19 PM)
"Ne l u mb o seeds were harvested from a population in a farm pond in Payne County, Oklahoma, U.S.A., during the autumn of 1982 and 1983." (p. 114)
"S e e d coats were scarified with a metal file at the end of the seed opposite the funicular attachment (= pollen tube pore-remnant)" (p. 114)
"S c a r i f i e d seeds were rinsed vigorously 10× (mechanica agitation via magnetic stirrers) in distilled, deionized water (DDW), followed by a vigorous washes in 5% Tween 20 (Baker Chemical Co.), DDW, 70% ethanol (v/v), 4--6% sodium hypochlorite (bleach; w/v) and sterile DDW (2X) in sequence (modified from Wetzel and McGregor, 1968). Seeds were kept in ethanol and hypochlorite for between 5 and 180 min." (p. 114)
"F l a s k s containing seeds were alternatively incubated in the dark for 24 h at 35°C, followed by a 24-h dark incubation at 23°C, before placing the cultures in lighted chambers (60 gE m -2 s-l; 12:12 LD cycle; 23°C), a protoco found necessary to break dormancy in Najas seeds (Wetzel and McGregor 1968), or the seed cultures were placed directly in the lighted chamber without dark pretreatment" (p. 114)
"P r e l i mi n a r y experiments indicated that longer incubation times did not increase germination frequencies" (p. 114)
"I n a separate series of experiments, seeds were washed as above using a" (p. 114)
"1 1 5 1 5 / 9 0 min wash in ethanol/hypochlorite, and were transferred to media containing 0.5 mg m1-1 of the fungicide Captan and 2.5 mg m1-1 each of the antibiotics penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate (Sigma Co.)." (p. 115)
"I n preliminary experiments, it was found that the germination of Nelumbo seeds approached 100% even in seed cultures lacking any dark or elevated temperature pretreatments." (p. 115)
"A l t h o u g h seed stocks used here were all stored for severa weeks to months in the dark at 4°C, it was also found that seeds collected from the field and used immediately also exhibited nearly quantitative germination, arguing against an obligate dormancy period." (p. 115)
"G e r m i n a t i o n frequencies exceeded 98% in seeds washed in Tween, ethanol and hypochlorite, even in seeds kept for 60 and 180 min in ethanol/hypo chlorite, respectively (Table I). However, the vast majority of seed cultures quickly became contaminated with bacterial (mostly Pseudomonas spp.) and fungal (various taxa) organisms which only appeared upon rupture of the seed coat and germination." (p. 115)
"Wh e n antibiotics and a fungicide were included in incubation media roughly one-half of seed cultures lacked detectable contaminants after two weeks of growth (Table I)." (p. 115)
"T h u s t h e data suggest that sterile seed cultures of Nelumbo can be obtained, but only with extensive surface disinfestation, at least two incubations in antibiotic and fungicide-containing media, and several transfers during seedling elongation" (p. 116)
"U n d e r crowded conditions, the floating leaves remained stunted and do not fully differentiate." (p. 117)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juanjuan Li |
Author | Tao Shi |
Author | Longyu Huang |
Author | Dongli He |
Author | Tonny Maraga Nyong’A |
Author | Pingfang Yang |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0433-1 |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 339-350 |
Publication | Plant Growth Regulation |
ISSN | 1573-5087 |
Date | 2018-12-01 |
Extra | 00013 |
Journal Abbr | Plant Growth Regul |
DOI | 10.1007/s10725-018-0433-1 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 12:57:53 AM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Seed size is one of the most important determinants of yield in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). The cotyledon, which is responsible for nutrient storage in the mature seed, is the major factor affecting seed size in this economically important crop. Here, transcriptome analysis on cotyledons were performed during the rapid expansion stage of two lotus cultivars with different seed size and yield, China Antique and Jianxuan-17, at 9, 12, and 15 days after pollination (DAP). We identified 22,549 genes, including 2414 novel genes. Among them, 8437 genes were differentially expressed between CA and JX from 9 to 15 DAP. Gene ontology analysis suggested that these DEGs were significantly enriched in cell proliferation and gene expression. Dozens of DEGs are involved in brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis and signaling pathway. Nine genes controlling seed size by cell number and size were candidate genes regulating lotus seed size. There was a notable difference in the expression patterns and level of starch-synthesis genes between two cultivars. NNU_20629 and NNU_05331 were likely responsible for the difference in starch accumulation between CA and JX, which might lead to their different yield. Pairwise comparisons of our transcriptome data provide insights into lotus seed development, which could facilitate projects aimed at breeding lotus with improved traits. |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 12:57:53 AM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/9/2022, 1:31:32 AM)
"Lotus was predicted to contain 26,685 protein-coding genes (Ming et al. 2013). In the study, we totally identified 22,549 genes (Fig. 2). The remaining genes might be specifically expressed in tissues other than seeds." (p. 346)
"In general, more genes were downregulated than upregulated during seed development (Fig. 3a), which might explain why fewer DEGs were identified at 15 DAP compared to the other time points in both cultivars." (p. 346)
"Enlargement of cotyledon cell might be consistent with its starch accumulation, which will contribute to the seed size." (p. 348)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Thomas F. Hall |
Author | William T. Penfound |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2421417 |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 744-758 |
Publication | The American Midland Naturalist |
ISSN | 0003-0031 |
Date | 1944 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: University of Notre Dame |
DOI | 10.2307/2421417 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 12:44:04 AM |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | 1. The American lotus, Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. is a perennial, emergent, aquatic herb with fibrous, adventitious roots, slender rhizomes, elongated tubers, erect and floating leaves, large fragrant, yellow flowers, and an obconic toms containing acorn-like fruits. 2. The roots are characterized by a large, aerenchymous cortex; the rhizome, tubers, petioles, and peduncles are distinguished by a small cortex, scattered bundles, and four to eight large air tubes; the midveins of the leaf are characterized by upper and lower masses of collenchyma, closed bundles, and air tubes in a groundwork of parenchyma. 3. The rapid colonization of new areas by lotus is accomplished by the elongated rhizomes and to a less extent by tubers and fruits. Complete inundation of lotus colonies for a continuous period of two weeks or dewatering for one month destroyed all the leaves and flowers and many of the rhizomes and tubers. 4. The American lotus provides favorable environmental conditions for the development of malaria mosquitoes, but it can be controlled effectively by recurrent cutting of the leaves where the water is relatively turbid. |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 12:44:04 AM |
Modified | 12/21/2021, 12:44:05 AM |
The consensus among botanists seems to be that there is only one species of native lotus in America.
Some of the unusual characteristics and uses of the plant are reflected in the thirty-seven common names which have been compiled from various sources.
It is of interest to note that the root system of lotus is entirely adventitious since a functional primary root does not develop from the seed.
The rhizomes [of lutea] are of two types: slender (6 mm. to 8 mm.) and large (8 mm. to 20 mm.). The slender (white) ones usually were found within the top four inches of the soil, whereas the larger rhizomes (white or pink) were established to depths of 18 inches.
Where the species occurs in pure stand the rhizomes form a complex underground network which total a length of 45 miles per acre. The rate of colonization is phenomenal since a small patch was observed to extend itself radially an average of 45 feet in one growing season. This represents a growth rate of 0.23 feet per day for the entire summer. On this basis six properly spaced patches of lotus (10 feet across) would produce an acre of lotus during one growing period.
The chocolate-brown fruits sank to the bottom at once due to their high specific gravity (1.14) (Table 1). Five hours later, ninety per cent were floating at the surface with the stigma down which resulted in the embryo being right side up. This inverted position is produced by an air space which is located near the base of the fruit (Figs. 7a, 7b). After 12 hours of floatation, the fruits returned to the bottom until germination occurred. The shells split longitudinally six days after the fruits were placed in water, but ten days usually elapsed before most of the seedlings emerged. At that time, the young plants with inrolled leaves again returned to the surface. Twenty-five days after the experiment was initiated, the plants were 45 centimeters long, the four young leaves were unrolled, and small roots were present at the base of each leaf. The average growth rate after the emergence of the embryo was found to be 2.5 cm per day, but rates as high as 12 cm. per day have been recorded shortly after emergence of the embryo.
It was observed that complete inundation for a single two-week period was sufficient to destroy the leaves of lotus, whereas at least one month of complete dewatering occurred before most of the leaves of stranded colonies succumbed.
The seed is composed of two thin seed coats, presumably two fleshy cotyledons, and a green embryonic. Each embryo is upside down in the fruit and consists of two prominent inrolled, orbicular, peltate leaves and two concealed embryonic leaves.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anil Goel |
Author | S.C. Sharma |
Author | A.N. Sharga |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/24798441 |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 52-54 |
Publication | Botanic Gardens Conservation News |
ISSN | 0965-2582 |
Date | 2001 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: Botanic Garden Conservation International (BGCI) |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:24:15 PM |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:24:15 PM |
Modified | 1/12/2022, 11:02:52 PM |
Extracted Annotations (12/19/2021, 5:45:41 PM)
"For quick and better germination, the seeds are scarified by rubbing them gently on the sand paper at both the ends and immersing in water." (p. 53)
"Each segment of the rhizome should contain at least three nodes with new sprouts and are planted horizontally at a 10 cm depth during the rainy season." (p. 53)
"The old plant degenerates and a new one becomes established from a floating rhizome the following season depending upon the available space and water." (p. 53)
"The NBRI has succeeded in growing lotus successfully under, artificial conditions in cement concrete tanks by having a clay soil stratum up to 45 cm thick at the bottom of the tank and maintaining the water level from 1-1.5 metres." (p. 54)
"The clay soil is enriched by incorporating welldecomposed cattle dung manure @ 5 kg/m2, neem cake @ 100 gm/m2, di-ammonium phosphate {DAP) @ 25 gm/m2, single superphosphate @ 50 gm/m2 and muriate of potash @ 25 gm/m2 as a basal dose at least 15 days prior to the planting (February - March)." (p. 54)
"Planting takes place during March - April with a 4 m2 for each seedling." (p. 54)
"After planting water is added to get the plants established. Subsequently, the level of water is raised gradually depending upon the growth of the plants so that the leaves remain floating on the water surface rather than getting submerged which may cause decay resulting in plant casualties." (p. 54)
"Phenological studies have revealed that there is a thermo-regulatory mechanism in lotus plants which maintain a steady environment inside the flowers to facilitate successful pollination by humming bees." (p. 54)
"The aphids may be controlled by spraying the plants with malathion @ 0.2% using an appropriate wetting agent and @ 0.1% preferably in the morning hours when required." (p. 54)
"During the survey, it was observed that lotus was growing luxuriantly in Samaspur lake in Raebareilly diatrict of Uttar Pradesh which has an alkaline pH of 9.0-9.3." (p. 55)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zhongyuan Lin |
Author | Cheng Zhang |
Author | Dingding Cao |
Author | Rebecca Njeri Damaris |
Author | Pingfang Yang |
URL | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6696627/ |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 15 |
Pages | 3680 |
Publication | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
ISSN | 1422-0067 |
Date | 2019-7-27 |
Extra | 00031 PMID: 31357582 PMCID: PMC6696627 |
Journal Abbr | Int J Mol Sci |
DOI | 10.3390/ijms20153680 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 12:31:13 AM |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Abstract | Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a perennial aquatic basal eudicot belonging to a small family Nelumbonaceace, which contains only one genus with two species. It is an important horticultural plant, with its uses ranging from ornamental, nutritional to medicinal values, and has been widely used, especially in Southeast Asia. Recently, the lotus obtained a lot of attention from the scientific community. An increasing number of research papers focusing on it have been published, which have shed light on the mysteries of this species. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the latest advancement of studies on the lotus, including phylogeny, genomics and the molecular mechanisms underlying its unique properties, its economic important traits, and so on. Meanwhile, current limitations in the research of the lotus were addressed, and the potential prospective were proposed as well. We believe that the lotus will be an important model plant in horticulture with the generation of germplasm suitable for laboratory operation and the establishment of a regeneration and transformation system. |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 12:31:13 AM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/9/2022, 5:54:44 PM)
"Except for Nelumbonaceae, Proteales contains three other families, including Platanaceae, Proteaceae, and Sabiaceae, of which the former two are the closest relatives of the lotus, and are mainly shrubs and woody trees [14], indicating the possibility of the lotus being a land plant adapted to aquatic environments." (p. 3682)
"From the genetic point of view, both species of lotus are diploid with the number of chromosomes 2n = 16." (p. 3682)
"The predicted size of the lotus genome is 929 Mb, which is based on the flow cytometry analysis [16]." (p. 3682)
"In 2013, the draft genomes of two lotus wild germplasms 'China Antique' and 'Chinese Tai-zi' were sequenced, assembled and released [6,7], which made lotus into a model angiosperm along with the other 22 species (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/trees/modeltreemap.html, last accessed date: 23 June, 2019)." (p. 3682)
"Additionally, the lotus chloroplast and mitochondrion genome were also sequenced, which have been applied in optimizing the genetic maps and analyzing the evolution of the lotus [20,21]." (p. 3682)
"Secondly, there is no universally recognized lotus cultivar or germplasm that is commonly used for the basic biology studies in the scientific community. Among all the germplasm, the sequenced one 'China Antique' might be an ideal candidate because of its genetic homozygosity." (p. 3687)
"The fourth, but not the last, is the indeterminate growth and long life span (~5 months per generation) of the lotus plant, which limits the cultivation of lotus in small space." (p. 3687)
For ornamental plants, petals show three major colors; white, red and yellow, with the former two existing only in Asian flower color and shape are the major two factors that determine their ornamental value. The lotus petals lotus and the later one only in American lotus
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Godwin |
Author | E. H. Willis |
URL | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1964.tb07391.x |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 410-412 |
Publication | New Phytologist |
ISSN | 1469-8137 |
Date | 1964 |
Extra | 00000 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1964.tb07391.x |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1964.tb07391.x |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 12:44:07 AM |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Language | en |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 12:44:07 AM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/8/2022, 5:22:12 PM)
"After grinding the fruit wall or soaking it in sulphuric acid, Ohga found that germination followed in all of 200 fruits tested." (p. 410)
"Subsequently this very high germination has been confirmed by Ohga who told Professor T. Jimbo in 1962 (in lit.) that having used about 10,000 to 15,000 fruits he found 'most of them germinated and what did not were generally infected by moulds'." (p. 410)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cheng Libao |
Author | Han yuyan |
Author | Liu Huiying |
Author | Jiang Runzhi |
Author | Li Shuyan |
URL | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2895-9 |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 97 |
Publication | Acta Physiologiae Plantarum |
ISSN | 1861-1664 |
Date | 2019-05-15 |
Extra | 00000 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Physiol Plant |
DOI | 10.1007/s11738-019-2895-9 |
Accessed | 12/18/2021, 4:21:37 PM |
Library Catalog | Springer Link |
Language | en |
Abstract | Adventitious roots (ARs) play an irreplaceable role in the uptake of water and nutrients due to under-developed principle root in plants. The process of ARs formation is affected by plant hormone. In this study, by employing High-Throughout Tag-sequencing Technique and ELISA method, we analyzed of the transcriptome and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content to monitor the changes of metabolism regulated by ethylene signaling in lotus. Exogenous application of ethephon (ethylene precursor) dramatically accelerated ARs development, and while restrained by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, the ethylene perception inhibitor), indicating the crucial role ethylene in ARs development. Transcriptomic analysis showed that both treatment of ethephon and 1-MCP dramatically altered the expression of numerous genes. In total, transcriptional expressions of 694 genes were induced and 554 genes were suppressed in ETH/CK0 stages compared with MCP/CK0 stages. Most of these up-regulated genes exhibited the one-three folds changes. In ETH/MCP libraries, we found nine and five genes involved in the metabolism or transcriptional responses to ethylene and IAA, and fourteen genes, which were considered to NAC, bHLH, AP2-EREBP, MYB, LOB, bHLH and bZIP families, respectively, exhibited an increase in transcriptional level. In addition, an enhanced mRNA levels of seven genes [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), leucine-rich repeat receptor, pectinesterase, pyruvate decarboxylase, ethylene oxide synthase, respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase] relevant to ARs formation were detected in was detected in ETH/MCP libraries. Furthermore, we found that IAA content was obviously decreased after applications were detected on ethephon and 1-MCP. However, the decreased IAA level in 1-MCP treatment was more pronounced than that in ethephon treatment, and kept a low level during the whole periods of ARs development. Taken together, our findings provided a comprehensive understanding of ethylene’s regulation during ARs formation in lotus seedlings. |
Date Added | 12/18/2021, 4:21:37 PM |
Modified | 1/8/2022, 8:49:21 PM |
Extracted Annotations (1/9/2022, 12:14:55 AM)
"The principle root of lotus was not well developed during the whole process of seedling development although ARs were formed at hypocotyls, which indicated that ARs were necessary for seedlings growth." (p. 100)
"fied the effect of ethephon and 1-MCP on ARs formation. as significantly increased by the treatment of 200 mg/L ethephon. Conversely, the number of ARs was decreased when the seedlings were transferred into water after application of 200 mg/L 1-MCP (Table 1)." (p. 100)
"gs was analyzed using levels were very low at beginning of seed germination, and then were dramatically improved." (p. 105)
"of seed germination, and found at 4 d in plant of without treatment and ethephon treatment." (p. 105)
"metabolism processes from seed germination to flowering.g the death of epidermal cells just before ARs emergence (Mergemann and Sauter 2000)." (p. 106)
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ting Yuan |
Author | Qidong Wang |
Author | Wei Li |
Author | Chao Guo |
Author | Tanglin Zhang |
Author | Jiashou Liu |
URL | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/are.14264 |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 3050-3059 |
Publication | Aquaculture Research |
ISSN | 1355-557X |
Date | October 1, 2019 |
Extra | 00000 Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
DOI | 10.1111/are.14264 |
Accessed | 12/21/2021, 8:10:24 PM |
Library Catalog | onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon) |
Abstract | Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the growth efficiency of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) on nutrient capture in farming systems of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson). Three treatments, a control treatment of N. nucifera alone (T1), a treatment of N. nucifera-P. fulvidraco co-culture (T2) and a treatment of P. fulvidraco alone (T3), were conducted in triplicate. Except pH, conductivity and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), most of the water quality parameters were significantly lowered by N. nucifera cultivation. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the T2 system were 62.2% and 71.6% higher than those in the T1 system respectively; and 31.8% and 59.2% lower than those in the T3 system respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus release rates were 41.2% and 36.8% in the T2 system, respectively, and 95.6% and 99.1% in the T3 system respectively. 7.31%?21.4% of nitrogen and 3.35%?15.9% of phosphorus were unaccounted. N. nucifera can effectively remove nutrients from water and sediments and may promote the outflow of nutrients. No significant difference in fish or N. nucifera growth performance was observed among the systems. This study indicates that the co-culture of N. nucifera with P. fulvidraco is an optimal culture system that can increase food production and reduce waste discharge. |
Date Added | 12/21/2021, 8:10:24 PM |
Modified | 1/13/2022, 4:31:54 PM |
Nine plastic cylindrical barrels (600 L: 98 cm diameter, 80 cm high) were used as experimental units. Each unit contained a 25‐cm layer of mud below a water column of 55 cm. Before use, the mud, which had been prepared by removing the surface sediment from a pond after years of intensive fish culture, was dried for a month. Each unit was filled to a depth of 10 cm with water from a surrounding pond and fertilized with 10 g of urea prior to N. nucifera transplantation.
The chemical characteristics of the water were 151.83 ± 3.20 μS/cm for conductivity, 5.83 ± 0.13 mg/L for DO, 8.13 ± 0.09 for pH, 1.81 ± 0.06 mg/L for TN, 0.410 ± 0.004 mg/L for TAN, 0.019 ± 0.001 mg/L for NO 2 − ‐N, 0.142 ± 0.002 mg/L for NO 3 − ‐N, 0.011 ± 0.000 mg/L for TP, 0.009 ± 0.001 mg/L for PO 4 3− ‐P, 6.90 ± 0.10 mg/L for COD Mn and 8.33 ± 0.09 mg/m 3 for Chl. α. Water temperature was monitored every 2 hours using temperature/light data loggers (Onset Computer Corporation) and ranged from 17.9 to 30.8°C during the experiment, with a mean of 25.9 ± 0.6°C.
Three treatments were established in triplicate: N. nucifera alone (T1), N. nucifera–P. fulvidraco co‐culture (T2) and P. fulvidraco alone (T3).
Nelumbo nucifera seedlings were purchased from a fish farm in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and transplanted into the T1 and T2 systems at a density of 1 seedling/unit on July 19, 2016.
Then, fingerlings were randomly selected and stocked at a density of 26.7 ind./m 2 in rearing barrels on 5 September 2016.
The P. fulvidraco juveniles were fed twice daily (8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. at a feeding level of 4% of body weight) with commercial pellet feed (42.0% crude protein; 1.00% TP) purchased from Jingzhou Tianjia Feed Development Company.
Dissolved oxygen concentration did not significantly differ between the T2 and T3 systems at any point during the experiment but was significantly higher in these systems than in T1 system, 6 weeks after the start of the experiment. No significant difference in pH was observed among the systems during the experimental period (p > .05).
The concentrations of TN, TAN, NO 2 − ‐N, NO 3 − ‐N, TP, PO 4 3− ‐P and Chl. α were all lowest in the T1 system, intermediate in the T2 system, and highest in the T3 system.
No significant difference in final weight, survival rate, WG, SGR, AGR or production between the T2 and T3 systems was observed, although the values were slightly higher in the fish‐alone system (T3). The result demonstrated that N. nucifera cultivation had no significant influence on the growth, survival and production of P. fulvidraco as we hypothesized.